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Master’s Seminar
ON
INTER-CROPPING SYSTEM IN Bt COTTON
(Gossypium hirsutum)
Submitted to-
Dr. Vikram Singh
Associate Professor
Department of Agronomy
Allahabad School of Agriculture
SHIATS
Submitted by
Vikram Pal
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy
I.D. No – 16MSAGRO010
Department of Agronomy
SHIATS
FLOW OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION
WHY INTERCROP ?
OBJECTIVES OF INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS
TYPES OF INTER-CROPPING
ADVANTAGES
PRINCIPLES OF INTERCROPPING
RESEARCH FINDINGS REGARDING OBJECTIVES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Intercropping- Intercropping is the cultivation of two or
more crops at the same time on the samefield. The most common goalof intercropping is to produce a greater yieldon a given piece of land by making use ofresources that would otherwise not beutilized by a single crop.
Inter-croppingIntercropping is the cultivation of two or more crops at the same time in same field
Cabbages and Onion SORGHUM AND PIGEON PEA
Why intercrop ? 1. Stability: Intercropping adds diversity to the cropping
system and diversity tends to lead to stability.
2. Reduced chemical use. Intercropping may allow for lowerinput levels in a cropping system by reducing fertilizer andpesticide requirements.
3.Extra yield. Over yielding occurs when the yield produced byan intercrop is larger than the yield produced by thecomponent crops grown in monoculture on the same totalland area.
Objectives of intercropping systems
Intercropping was originally practiced as an insurance against crop failure underrainfall condition.
At present the main objective of intercropping is higher productivity per unit areain addition to stability in production.
Intercropping system utilizes resources sufficiently and their productivity isincreased.
Insurance against total crop failure under aberrant weather conditions or pestepidemics.
Increase in total productivity per unit land area.
Judicious utilization of resources such as land labour and inputs.
Types of Inter-Cropping
a. Mixed intercropping: Growing
two or more crops at the same
time with no distinct row
arrangement.
b. Row intercropping: Growing two
or more crops at the same time
where one or more crops are
planted in rows.
Groudnut+sorghum (6:2)
Maize and soybean
C. Strip Inter-cropping:Growing two or more crops atthe same time in different strips
wide enough to permitindependent cultivation butnarrow enough for the crops tointeract ergonomically.
d. Relay inter-cropping: Growingtwo or more crops at the sametime during part of the life cycleof each. A second crop is plantedafter the first crop has reachedits reproductive stage but beforeit is ready for harvest.
OAT + SOYABEAN
Inter-cropping may be divided into the following four groups (Singh 1990)
i) Parallel Cropping: Under this cropping two crops are selectedwhich have different growth habits and have a zero competitionbetween each other .
E.g. 1) Green gram or black gram with maize. 2) Green gram orsoybean with cotton.
ii) Companion Cropping: In companion cropping the yield of onecrop is not affected by other.
E.g.1) Mustard, wheat, potato, etc. with sugarcane 2) Wheat,radish, cabbage, sugar beat etc., with potato.
Cont.….
iii) Multistoried Cropping: or Multi-tire cropping:Growing plants of different height in the same field atthe same time is termed as multistoried cropping.
e.g. 1) Eucalyptus +Papaya + Berseem )
Multi-tire Cropping: Inter-cropping is mostly prevalentin plantation crops like coconut and areca nut. Thepractice different crops of varying heights, rootingpattern and duration are called multi-tire cropping.
e .g. Coconut + black pepper + cocoa + pineapple.
Advantages Intercropping gives higher income per unit area than
sole cropping.
Intercrops maintain soil fertility as the nutrient uptake ismade from both layers.
Reduce soil runoff.
intercropping economizes water use. E.g. Pearl millet +red grams.
Source :My Agriculture Information Bank
Principles of intercropping Intercrops should occupy a secondary place in the orchard,
primary consideration being given to the perennial fruit trees.
At least 120 cm. radius must be left from the base of the
growing fruit trees for taking intercrops.
Such intercrops should be selected that do not exhaust
the nutrient and moisture from the soil, so essential for
the growth of fruit trees.
Cont.….
Perennial or exhaustive crops should bediscouraged as an intercrop in the orchard.
This may have devitalizing effect on the growingtrees. For example, sugarcane, pigeon pea,maize, jowar should invariably be excluded froman intercropping programme in the orchard.
RESEARCH FINDINGS
REGARDING OBJECTIVES
• A field experiment was conducted during the rainy(kharif) season of 2010 and 2011 at Ludhiana, Punjabto study the effect of intercrops and different levels ofrecommended dose of nitrogen (RDN).
• The main plot treatments comprised Bt cottonintercropped with fodder maize, fodder cowpea,summer mungbean, pearlmillet fodder and long melonand subplot treatments consisted of 5 levels (0, 25, 50,75 and 100%) of recommended dose of nitrogenapplied to intercrops on area basis.
• The maximum seedcotton equivalent yield recordedunder Bt cotton + fodder maize intercropping system
Experiment on Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Table 1. Effect of different levels of recommended dose of nitrogen to intercrops on the yield of intercrops (pooled data of 2 years)
%RDN to intercrops
Maize(fodder)
Pearlmillet(fodder)
Cowpea(fodder)
Mean
0 16.5 22.1 14.4 10.9
25 20.8 26.0 15.9 12.9
50 22.8 29.1 16.7 14.1
75 23.8 30.1 16.9 14.5
100 24.1 30.7 17.0 14.7
Mean 21.6 27.6 16.2
Intercrops yield (t/ha)
Source: Rekha and Dhuria (2010)
Table 2. Effect of different intercropping systems to intercrops on opened bolls, total bolls, boll opening percentage and boll weight of Bt cotton
Treatment Opened bolls/plant
Total bolls/plant
Boll opening %
Boll weight(g)
Bt cotton + fodder maize 28.9 B 32.7B 88.3 3.60A
Bt cotton + fodder pearlmillet 20.6 C 24.3C 85.0 3.47B
Bt cotton + fodder cowpea 29.5 A 33.6A 87.9 3.66A
Bt cotton + summer mungbean 30.3A 35.1A 86.5 3.68A
Bt cotton +long melon 31.5A 35.7A 88.3 3.68A
RATIO 1 : 1
CD (P=0.05) 3.45 3.49 NS 0.15
Source: Rekha and Dhuria (2010)
Table 3. Interaction of intercropping systems and recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) to intercrops on seed-cotton-equivalent yield (t/ha)
Bt cotton + fodder maize 2.29A 2.56A 2.69A 2.74A 2.75A
Bt cotton + fodder pearlmillet 1.60C 1.82C 1.95D 1.99E 2.00E
Bt cotton + fodder cowpea 2.24A 2.34A 2.40B 2.41B 2.42B
Bt cotton + summer mungbean 2.06A 2.21B 2.26C 2.29C 2.30C
Bt cotton +long melon 1.92B 2.05B 2.08C 2.09D 2.10D
CD (P=0.05) 0.30 0.30 0.03 0.03 0.07
RDN to intercrops(%) 0 25 50 75 100
Intercropping system (1 : 1)
Ramanjaneyulu and Reddy (2002)
CONCLUSION
By using Intercropping soil fertility, nutrient uptake and income increases per unit area in
comparison to sole cropping
References
Cotton Association of India (2008) Cotton statistics and news (Issue No. 42).Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Palchamy A, Purushothaman S, Rajgopal A (1991) Water use of crops grownin pure and intercropping stands. Indian J Agron 36:300–302
Singh A., Singh T. (2015). Growth, yield and quality of Bt cotton (Gossypiumhirsutum) as influenced by different intercropping systems and nitrogenlevels. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 60 (2): 236-244
Singh R.V., Sharma A.K. and Tomar, (2003) . Weed-control in chickpea (Cicerarietinum) under late sown condition. Indian Journal of Agronomy 48(2):114–16.