Integrating Native Pollinators into Wildlife Conservation Practices
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Photo: Nancy Adamson Integrating Native Pollinators into Wildlife Conservation Practices This program was prepared by Nancy Lee Adamson (Xerces Society), many other Xerces Society staff, & Carol Heiser (VA Department of Game & Inland Fisheries), for Virginia Master Naturalists promoting meadow establishment for pollinator & upland game conservation, with input & support from Virginia Department of Game & Inland Fisheries biologists & the USDA-NRCS East National Technology Support Center.
Integrating Native Pollinators into Wildlife Conservation Practices
This program was prepared by Nancy Lee Adamson (Xerces Society), many other Xerces Society staff, & Carol Heiser (VA Department of Game & Inland Fisheries), for Virginia Master Naturalists promoting meadow establishment for pollinator & upland game conservation, with input & support from Virginia Department of Game & Inland Fisheries biologists & the USDA-NRCS East National Technology Support Center. Notes to accompany the slides are available in a separate Word file.
Citation preview
1. Integrating Native Pollinators into Wildlife Conservation
Practices This program was prepared by Nancy Lee Adamson (Xerces
Society), many other Xerces Society staff, & Carol Heiser (VA
Department of Game & Inland Fisheries), for Virginia Master
Naturalists promoting meadow establishment for pollinator &
upland game conservation, with input & support from Virginia
Department of Game & Inland Fisheries biologists & the
USDA-NRCS East National Technology Support Center.Photo: Nancy
Adamson
2. Presentation Outline Importance of pollinators & other
insects Nesting habits affecting habitat needs Quail habitat needs
Protection from pesticides Native meadow habitat establishment
Additional resources American bumble bee, Bombus pensylvanicus, on
black locust Photo: Nancy Adamson
3. The Importance of Pollinators and Other Insects Photo: Nancy
Adamson
4. Economic Value of Insects Contribute $22 billion to Wild
natural enemies protect recreation industry as more than $4.5
billion in crop food for wildlife production in the U.S. Native
pollinators Clean up grazing lands, saving contribute at least $3
ranchers more than $380 billion in pollination million & help
retain nutrientsLosey & Vaughan. 2006. The Economic Value of
Ecological Services Provided byInsects. Bioscience 56 (4). Photos:
VADGIF, Piotr Naskrecki, Edward Ross, USDA-NRCS
5. Pollination and Human Nutrition Food that depends on insect
pollination 35% of crop production, worldwide Over $18 to $27
billion value of crops in U.S. ($217 billion worldwide) One in
three mouthfuls of food and drink we consumeMorse RA, Calderone NW.
2000. The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. crops in 2000.
Bee Culture 128: 115.Klein et al. 2007. Importance of pollinators
in changing landscapes for world crops. Proc. R. Soc. B 274:
303-313. Photo: USDA-ARS/Peggy Greb
6. Insect Pollinators Are Ecological Keystones More than 85% of
flowering plants require an animal, mostly insects, to move
pollen.Ollerton, J., R. Winfree, and S. Tarrant. 2011. How many
flowering plants are pollinated by animals?Oikos 120: 321-326. doi:
10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18644.x.Potts, S.G., J.C. Biesmeijer, C.
Kremen, P. Neumann, O. Schweiger, and W. E. Kunin. 2010.
Globalpollinator delines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in
Ecology and Evoluntion. 25(6): 345-353. Photo: Eric Mader
7. Bugs Drive the SystemBenefits to OtherWildlife:
Pollinator-produced fruits and seeds Pollinators are food for other
wildlife Pollinator habitat Photo: Nancy Adamson supports other
insects that are food for Photo: Nancy Adamson songbirds &
other wildlife Mace Vaughan Sierra Vision Stock Photo: Nancy
Adamson
8. Multiple Benefits of Pollinator HabitatFruits and seeds are
a majorpart of the diet of many insects,about 25% of birds, and
manymammals Photos: Marie Reed, USDA ARS
9. Multiple Benefits of Pollinator HabitatPollinators and other
insects are food for wildlife, including 89% of birds
10. Multiple Benefits of Pollinator HabitatConservation
Biological ControlFlowering plants that support pollinatorsalso
support predatory and parasitic insects Soldier beetle Syrphid fly
drinking raspberry nectar Parasitoid wasp Ladybird beetle Photos:
Mace Vaughan, Paul Jepson, Mario Ambrosino
11. Main Groups of Pollinators Photos: James Cane; Jeff Adams;
Dana Ross; Bruce Newhouse Photos: Mace Vaughan, Bob Hammond, David
Inouye, Bruce Newhouse
12. Bees: The Most Important PollinatorsBees are the most
agriculturally important pollinators Bees actively collect and
transport pollen Bees exhibit flower constancy Bees regularly
forage in area around nest mining bee, Andrena sp., on apple Photo:
Nancy Adamson
13. Honey Bees (Non-Native): Colony Collapse DisorderAnnual
lossesPre-CCD (1995-2006): 15% - 22% per yearPost-CCD (2006-today):
29% - 36% per year honey bee to peach Photo: Nancy Adamson
14. Some Bumble Bees in Decline Franklins Yellowbanded Likely
due to introduced disease: Four sister species of bumble bees in
decline Peter Schroeder Leif Richardson Western Rusty patchedEvans,
E.,R. Thorp, S. Jepsen, and S.Hoffman Black, 2009. Status Review of
ThreeFormerly Common Species of Bumble Bee inthe Subgenus Bombus.
Xerces Society.Cameron et al. 2011. Patterns of widespreaddecline
in North American bumble bees.PNAS.Colla and Packer. 2008. Evidence
for declinein Eastern North American bumble bees(Hymenoptera:
Apidae), with special focus onBombus affinis Cresson. Biodivers
Conserv. Pat Michaels Jen Knutson
15. Bumble Bee Citizen Monitoring Project Jen KnutsonThe
rusty-patched bumble bee has declined dramatically from its
historic rangeXerces citizen monitors contributed 12 confirmed
records of this species, includingrecords at the edges of its range
in Minnesota and Massachusetts
16. Bumble Bee Citizen Monitoring Project Leif RichardsonThe
yellow banded bumble bee has declined from many parts of its
historic range inthe past decadeXerces citizen monitors have
contributed 7 confirmed records of this species
17. Pollination and Crop Security As bees decline, crop acreage
requiring bee pollination grows From 1961 to 2006, the percent of
global cropland requiring bee pollination rose 300% in total
acreage (world population grew from 3 to 7 billion) Providing
habitat grows ever more important!Aizen, M. A. and L. D. Harder.
2009. The global stock of domesticated honey bees isgrowing slower
than agricultural demand for pollination. Current Biology
19(11):915-918. Photo: Nancy Adamson
18. The Economic Value of Native Bees Hundreds of species of
native bees contribute significantly to crop pollination. $3
billion/year (conservatively)Losey, J. and M. Vaughan. 2006. The
Economic Value of EcologicalServices Provided by Insects.
Bioscience 56 (4). Photos: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer & Edward
McCain
19. Native Bee Diversity in Agriculture bumble bee on
blueberryDiverse native bees pollinating crops: 100+ species visit
apples in GA, NY and PA 100+ species visit blueberry in Michigan
100+ species visit WI cranberries 80+ species visit berry crops in
New England 60+ species visit CA tomato, sunflower, or watermelon
Photo: Nancy Adamson
20. Benefits of Native Bees in CropsNative bees are very
efficient: Active earlier & later in the day Collect both
pollen & nectar Buzz pollinate mining bee on blueberry Photo:
Nancy Adamson
21. Native Bee Crop Specialists Squash Bees Ground-nesting
directly at the base of squash plants Active in early morning hours
(before sunrise) Pollinate flowers before honey bees begin
foraging1 67% of 87 sites studied across the U.S. had all
pollination needs met by squash bees21. Tepedino, V. J. 1981. The
pollination efficiency of the squash bee (Peponapis pruinosa) and
the honey bee (Apis mellifera) on summer squash (Cucurbita pepo).
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 54:359-377. Photo: Eric
Mader2. Jim Cane (USDA ARS Logan Bee Lab). 2011. Personal
communication Photo: Nancy Adamson
22. Buzz Pollination by Native Bees Example: Cherry tomatoes
When native bees were present, Sungold cherry tomato production
almost tripled. Buzz pollination video online at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMvQSx242 9U&feature=plcp
Photos: Nancy Adamson Greenleaf, S. S.,and C. Kremen. 2006. Wild
bee species increase tomato production and respond differently to
surrounding land use in Northern California. Biological
Conservation 133:81-87.Photo: Anne Berblinger
23. Native Bee Diversity in North America4,000 species of
native bees;~700 in the east in 66 genera. sweat bee on blue
vervain, Verbena hastata Photo: Nancy Adamson
24. Lepidoptera Diversity in North AmericaAbout 700 species of
butterflies & 13,000 species of mothslong-tailed
skipperEpargyreus clarus Photo: Jolie Goldenetz Dollar
25. Best Way to Support PollinatorsProvide habitat Native
plants for pollen, nectar, and nesting Shelter for nests &
protection from pesticides southeastern blueberry bee Habropoda
laboriosa on redbud Photo: Nancy Adamson
27. Life Cycle of a Bumble Bee Colony Winter: Hibernating queen
Fall: Mated queens seek overwintering sites Spring: Nest
establishment and egg layingFall: Newqueensleave thenest
andmateFall: Old queen dies Summer: Colony peak Illustration: David
Wysotski
28. Bumble Bees, Bombus spp. Social colonies founded by single
queen Annual colonies--last only one season Nests have ~100-400
workers Nest in abandoned rodent burrows or under lodged grasses
Conserve brush piles, unmown areasBombus impatiens Bombus vagans on
cloveron scarlet runner bean Photos: Elaine Evans, Nancy Adamson,
Eric Mader
29. Ground-Nesting Solitary BeesRoughly 70% of bee spp.nest
underground Resemble ant & ground beetle nests from above May
aggregate nests (some nest communally, but forage alone) Nest
chambers lined with waxy glandular secretions that resist flooding
Scout for nests, conserve sandy soil & bare ground mining bee
Andrena barbara Photos: Jim Cane, Dennis Briggs, Nancy Adamson
30. Lifecycle of Solitary BeesMining bee (Andrena sp.); a
yearin its underground nest as egg,larva, and pupa before emerging
tospend a few weeks as an adult. Photos: Dennis Briggs
31. Cavity or Tunnel Nesting Solitary Bees Roughly 30% of
native species nest in hollow plant stems, or old beetle borer
holes Nest tunnel partitions constructed of mud, leaf pieces, or
sawdust Artificially managed for some crops Edward Ross Conserve
snags, brush piles & pithy- stemmed plants. Leave dead plant
material over winter.Photo: Matthew Shepherd Photo: Nancy
Adamson
32. Tunnel Nesting Bees Hollow stem example: Cross-section of
silk cocoonsPollen mass Egg Mud wall Larva Pupa Adult Silk cocoons
with dormant bees inside Mud cap closure
34. Lepidoptera Overwintering Strategies Each species has its
own strategy to overwinter as an egg, caterpillar, chrysalis, or
adult (migrant).Examples: caterpillars hibernate in rolledleaves on
ground, in soil at base of hostplant, under loose tree barkcommon
buckeye butterfly caterpillar, Junonia coenia Jolie Goldenetz
Dollar
35. Upland Bird Habitat Needs Warm season native bunch grasses
and wildflowers provide food and shelter directly and by supporting
diverse insects (great sources of protein) Avoid disturbance during
nesting season! Photo: Nancy Adamson
36. Virginias Quail Initiative Photo: VADGIF
37. Meadows are beneficial to quail and other earlysuccessional
species Photo: VADGIF
38. Meadows are beneficial to quail and other earlysuccessional
species Photo: VADGIF
39. Quail Need 3 Main Habitat TypesNESTING COVERNative grasses,
forbs and legumes30% of thelandscapeWOODY COVER (covey
headquarters)Woody thickets of low-growing trees and shrubs15%to
25% of the landscapeBROOD HABITATNative grasses, forbs and
legumes40% to 60% ofthe landscape Photos: VADGIF
40. All 3 habitat components as close as possibleWoody Grain,
Forbs, GrassesForbs, Legumes &Grasses Photo: VADGIF
41. Nesting Cover Ideal Nesting Cover Herbaceous cover
consisting of bunch grasses with forbs and low growing shrubby
cover with the last years grass growth available (at least 12 tall)
Little blue, side oats, broomsedge, timothy with alfalfa,
lespedeza, ragweed, native forbs About 30% of the area Near brood
cover! Photo: VADGIF
42. A clump of grass per 100 ft2 is adequate nesting cover
Photo: VADGIF
43. Nest site in previous years disked fire line Photo:
VADGIF
44. Woody CoverCovey Headquarters Consists of woody shrubs,
low-growing trees, down tree structures, feathered edge. Ground
cover within headquarters must be sparse. 50 ft. X 30 ft. at a
minimum 1,500 sq. ft. Photos: VADGIF
45. Feathered Edge Photo: VADGIF
46. Feathered Edge Photo: VADGIF
47. REST BURNED Photo: VADGIF
48. Shrubby CoverREST BURNED Photo: VADGIF
49. Shrubby CoverPhoto: VADGIF
50. Good shrubby cover can be rendered almost useless if
sod-forming grasses are abundant underneath.Photo: VADGIF
51. Brood HabitatIdeal Brood Habitat Plant community (at least
40% of the area) made up of forbs,legumes, and weeds. Must contain
bare ground (25-50% exposed soil) underneath afoliage canopy.Brood
habitat will contain insects which are the most important food item
for nestinghens and chicks. Photo: VADGIF
52. Native grasses and forbs provide space between the
plantsfor young quail to seek insects Photos: VADGIF
53. Fescue field borderbetween woody coverFescue isThe Great
Quail Barrier Photo: VADGIF
56. All components as close as possibleNative
grass/forbs/legumes: Nesting & Brood Cover Woody Headquarters
Photo: VADGIF
57. For All Wildlife, Diverse Habitat is Best Crop pollination
by wild bees and natural enemy activity is greater in landscapes
with diverse habitats (Forehand et al. 2006, Winfree et al. 2008,
Bianchi et al. 2011)Bianchi, F. J. J. A., C. J. H. Booij, and T.
Tscharntke. 2011. Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural
landscapes: a reviewon landscape composition, biodiversity and
natural pest control. Proc. R. Soc. B 273: 1715-1727.Forehand, L.
M., D. B. Orr, and H. M. Linker. 2006. Insect communities
associated with beneficial inset habitat plants inNorth Carolina.
Environmental Entomology 35 (6): 1541-1549.Winfree, R., N. M.
Williams, H. Gaines, J. S. Ascher, C. Kremen. 2008. Wild bee
pollinators provide the majority of cropvisitation across land-use
gradients in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA. J. Applied Ecology
45(3): 793-802. Photo: Jennifer Hopwood
58. Pollen and Nectar Through the Growing SeasonAssess what
already blooms on site through the season Photos: Elaine Haug NRCS,
Matthew Shepherd; Mace Vaughan, Eric Mader, Jeff McMillan NRCS,
Berry Botanic Garden
59. Bloom Time Succession Include at least 3 species in bloom
for each season (spring, summer, & fall) Supplement times that
have fewer blooms Photo: Eric Mader
60. Distance Matters Small bees may fly less than 500 ft.,
bumble bees up to 1 mile Birds stay as close to the nest as
possible when rearing young Photo: Toby Alexander (VT NRCS)
61. Floral Diversity Insect diversity increases with plant
diversityCarvell, C., W. R. Meek, R. F. Pywell, D. Goulson and M.
Nowakowski. 2007. Comparing the efficacy of agri-environmentschemes
to enhance bumble bee abundance and diversity on arable field
margins. J of Applied Ecology 44: 29-40.Potts, S. G., B. Vulliamy,
A. Dafni, G. Neeman, and P. G. Willmer. 2003. Linking bees and
flowers: how do floralcommunities structure pollinator communities?
Ecology 84:2628-2642.Tscharntke, T. A., A. Gathmann, and I.
Steffan-Dewenter. 1998. Bioindication using trap-nesting bees and
wasps and theirnatural enemies and interactions. J of Applied
Ecology 35:708-719. Photo: Eric Mader
62. Native Plants Support Greater Diversity Locally native
plants support more abundant and species-rich insect communities
Native plants benefit diverse wildlife bumble bee Bombus
sp.Tallamy, D. 2007. Bringing Nature Home. Timber Press: Portland,
OR. sweat beeWilliams et al. 2011. Bees in disturbed habitats use,
but do not prefer, alienplants. Basic and Applied Ecology.
doi:10.1016/j.baae.2010.11.008 Agapostemon sp. Photo: Nancy
Adamson
63. Shelter for Bumble BeesConserve undisturbed or unmowed
areas;protect possible overwintering sites for queens Cavities such
as old rodent holes Under brush piles & overgrown areas Under
bunch grassesExcellent habitat for groundnesting birds! Artificial
nests ineffective little bluestem (but mouse pee helps!) Photos:
Mace Vaughan, Matthew Shepherd, Bonnie Carruthers, Nancy
Adamson
64. Shelter for Cavity-Nesting BeesStumps, brush piles, plants
with pithy stems(elderberry, blackberry, sumac)Excellent bird
habitat (for nesting & food)!Another ecology story: Many bees
dependon wood-boring beetles for habitat! blackberry Photos: Don
Keirstead, Nancy Adamson
65. Shelter for Ground-Nesting Solitary BeesRetain or create
bare soil:Access to bare, sandy soil Keep areas of bare groundAreas
without deep mulch,landscape fabric, or plastic Maximize untilled
areas Clear away some plants from well drained slopes Experiment
with no-till farming techniques Plant native bunch grasses Photos:
Mace Vaughan Photo: Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society)
66. Protect Ground-Nesting Bees: Avoid DeepTilling Reduce
tillage No-till farms hosted three times more native squash bees
than did conventional farmsShuler, et al. 2005. Farming Practices
Influence Wild Pollinator Populationson Squash and Pumpkin. Journal
of Economic Entomology. 98(3):790-795 Photos: USDA-NRCS, Bob
Hammond, CO Coop Ext
67. Protection from Pesticides Benefits All Wildlife Photo:
Regina Hirsch
68. Avoid Pesticide PoisoningPesticides cause significantdamage
to beneficial insectpopulations Use active ingredients with least
impact on bees Consider formulation Label guidelines only apply to
honey bees Dont spray on plants in bloom Spray at night and when
dry
69. Organic-Approved Safe Organic-approved pesticides not safe:
Rotenone = Dangerous for bees! Pyrethrins = Dangerous for bees!
Spinosad = Dangerous for bees! Beauveria bassiana = Dangerous! Okay
when not directly applied to bees (i.e. non-blooming crops or at
night): Insecticidal soap Horticultural oil NeemPhoto: NRCS/Toby
Alexander
70. EstablishingNative Meadow Habitat male sweat bees, Halictus
ligatus, on wingstem, Verbesina Photo: Nancy Adamson
71. Establishing New Habitat: Keys to SuccessThe 6 Critical
Elements:1. Remove ALL perennial weeds prior to planting2. Do not
disturb dormant weed seed3. Make a clean seed bed/planting area4.
Use appropriate planting technology for the site5. Plant perennial
seed in the fall6. Manage annual and biennial weeds for two years
after planting Photo: Paul Jepson, OSU IPPC
72. Seeding: Remove ALL Perennial WeedsConventional Farms:
Organic Farms: Mow site and follow with Shallow cultivation
followed glyphosate (Roundup) fallow with a smother crop (at least
for a full growing season 1 year) Buckwheat Use Roundup Ready Sudan
grass soybeans Combo cover and herbicide Solarization (clear
plastic): At least 1 year Horticultural vinegar (expensive) Flame
weeding Photo: Matthew Shepherd
73. Solarization (A Full Year is Best!) UV stabilized plastic
Mow closely pre-install Install following rain or water just prior
to install Dig in edges Stabilize as needed Care in keeping tear
free and/or repairing quickly Photo: Nancy Adamson
74. Create a Clean Seed BedSeed Bed Preparation: Burn or rake
off debris, or very light disk or harrow to smooth surface (should
be firm, not fluffy) Do not to bring more weed seeds to the
surface! Photos: Jessa Guisse Not ready for planting! Ready for
planting! Photos: Don Keirstead Photos: Don Keirstead
75. Appropriate Planting TechnologyNative Seed Drills: Multiple
seed sizes Plant directly in stubble (no till) Tye, Truax, Great
Plains(common manufacturers)Brillion Drop Seeders: Made for sowing
turf andpasture grasses, also alfalfa andclover Works with native
seed (changeseed box agitators) Requires smooth, cultivatedseed bed
(not like this photo!) Photos: Jessa Guisse
76. Seeding: Appropriate Technology Hand Seeding/Broadcasters
Mix seed with sand for even distribution Requires clean, exposed
seed bed Seed on soil surface Do not bury the seed Photo: Nancy
Adamson Photo: Don KeirsteadPhoto: Nancy Adamson Photo: Jessa
Guisse Photo: Matthew Shepherd
77. Appropriate Planting TechnologyTransplants: Supplemental
irrigation Animal guards Mechanical transplanters Tree planters
Vegetable transplanters Photos: Mace Vaughan, Matthew Shepherd
78. Seeding: Post PlantingPost Seeding: Roll with cultipacker,
lawn roller Mow perennial seeded areas during the first year
(before annual weeds produce seed) Photos: Mace Vaughan, Jessa
Guisse
79. Establishing New Habitat: Post-PlantingPost Seeding: Mow
perennial seeded areas first and second year,before annual and
biennial weeds produce seedWhen planting is ~10-12, mow to 6-8 (as
often as needed) to letlight reach new seedlings w/o smothering
Photos: Nancy Adamson
80. The Finished Product!New Hampshire Blueberry Farm
Post-Planting: 2011 Photos: Don Keirstead, NH NRCS
81. Managing Established Pollinator Habitat Post-planting Weed
Control: Mowing and spot-weeding Maintaining Early Successional
Habitat: Rotational mowing, burning*, grazing, brush cutting (no
more than 1/3 per year) Other: Mulching shrubs, deer fencing, vole
cages *Burning is generally best Photos: Nancy Adamson
82. Long-Term Habitat Management: Limit Disturbance Mowing,
grazing, burning, disking are best at infrequent intervals
Disturbance to no more than 1/3 of habitat area each year Time
management for when most effective against target, or during
dormant season Early successional habitat is ideal; too much
disturbance favors grasses over forbs Photos: USDA-ARS, Audubon
California
83. Manage warm season grasseswith prescribed burning Photos:
VADGIF
84. Benefits of Prescribed Fire Reduces THATCH between the
grass clumps Increases nutritional value of vegetation Promotes the
growth of beneficial forbs Controls woody competition Photos:
VADGIF
85. Forb + Grass vs Grass Only Plantings Photo: Nancy
Adamson
86. Forb vs Grass Plantings Forb seeds/pound vary tremendously
Butterfly millkweed: 70,000 seeds/lb Rough goldenrod: 750,000
seeds/lb Cardinal flower: 8,000,000 seeds/lb Target seeding rate
should be in seeds per square foot Order pure live seed (PLS)
whenever possible Avoid pre-emergent herbicides used for grassland
plantings Photo: Nancy Adamson
87. Seed Calculator Example Use an Excel spreadsheet to
calculate seeds/sq ft; To keep costs lower and ensure enough seeds
for successful planting NRCS, Xerces Society, & seed companies
can provide calculators (spreadsheets) like the one shown here
88. Seeding Rates to Help Keep Costs ReasonableFor forb+grass,
target seeding rate Drill seeding: 25-35 seeds/sq ft Broadcast:
40-60 seeds/sq ft Photos: Don Keirstead (NH NRCS)
89. Riparian Restoration Restored riparian habitats support
diverse communities of native bees and other wildlifeWilliams, N.
2011 Restoration Ecology 19:4, pg. 450459. Photo: Jennifer
Hopwood
90. Invasive Plant Removal Invasive plant species can
drastically alter pollinator communities Removal of invasive plants
can increase insect diversityFiedler, A., D. Landis, M. Arduser.
2011. Rapid Shift in Pollinator Communities Following Invasive
Species Removal. Restoration Ecology online.Hanula, J. and S.Horn.
2011. Removing an invasive shrub (Chinese privet) increases native
bee diversity and abundance in riparian forests of the southeastern
U.S.Insect Conservation and Diversity 4: 275283
91. Gardens & Parks Gardens can be valuable habitat for
bumble bees, birds, small mammals, & reptiles In agricultural
lands, gardens are the most important habitat for bumble bee
nestsHagen et al. 2011. PLoS One 6 (5) e19997.Goulson et al. 2010.
Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 12071215. Photo: Nancy Adamson
92. 2008 Farm Bill Pollinator Habitat Provisions Makes
pollinators a priority for all USDA land managers &
conservationists Encourages inclusion of pollinators in all USDA
conservation programs (this basically means adding diversity to
plant mixes) Photo: Nancy Adamson
93. Farms: Soil, Water, & WildlifeFarm Bill support
forpollinator habitat benefits Pollinator Hedgerowwildlife
generallyVA NRCS:http://www.va.nrcs.usda.gov/Cost-Share practices
forpollinators & other wildlife Tree/Shrub Establishment Cover
Crop Conservation Cover Hedgerow Planting Field Border Restoration
and Management of Conservation Rare or Declining Habitats Range
Planting Cover Upland Wildlife Habitat Management Pest Management
Field Border Early Successional Habitat Development/
Management
94. Contact NRCS and SWCD Your Local USDA Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS) Office and Soil and Water Conservation
District: Information about Farm Bill programs New state pollinator
technology notes Revised EQIP/WHIP standards for habitat plantings
Farming for Pollinators brochure Organic conversion
assistancePhoto: USDA-ARS
95. USDA NRCS: Tree & Shrub Establishment/HedgerowPlant
flowering shrubs that bloom in succession. Design for multiple
benefits, such as wildlife, IPM, visual screen, aesthetics, and
erosion control. Photo: Katharina Ullmann (Xerces Society)
96. USDA NRCS: Conservation Cover Cover for erodible slopes
Permanent vegetation on highly erodible sites Massachusetts
Cranberry Farm Photos: Plymouth County NRCS
97. USDA NRCS: Integrated Pest Management Protecting
pollinators from pesticides Establishing habitat for other
beneficial insectsPhotos: David Biddinger (Penn State
University),Mace Vaughan (Xerces Society), and Elise Fog
98. USDA NRCS: Field BorderCan include a diverse mix of native
and lower cost non-native plants ornative local ecotype materials
Photo: Eric Mader
99. Roadside Habitat Multiple benefits of native pollinator
habitat on roadsides. Provides habitat for pollinators and
songbirds Helps to lower maintenance costs Vegetation can act as a
snow fence in winter Aesthetically pleasing, reduces driver
fatiguePhoto: Kirk Henderson (Iowa IRVM)
100. Additional Resources bumble bee on silverbell Photo: Nancy
Adamson
101. Further Information: Native Plant DatabaseLady Bird
Johnson Wildflower Center:http://www.wildflower.org/plants/ &
http://wildflower.org/collections/
102. Further Information: Native Plant DatabaseLady Bird
Johnson WildflowerCenter Recommended
Species:http://wildflower.org/collections/Special Collections
Butterflies and MothsValue to Beneficial Insects Special Value to
Native Bees Special Value to Bumble Bees Special Value to Honey
Bees Provide Nesting Materials/Structure for Native Bees Click on
those, then narrow to state, habit, light & soil conditions,
etc.
103. Especially for Bumble BeesIn Conserving Bumble Bees:
Guidelines forCreating and Managing Habitat for AmericasDeclining
Pollinators (new Xerces Societypublication)
104. Virginia Department of Game & Inland Fisheries
http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/habitat/
105. Further Information: The Xerces Society Xerces Society
publications www.xerces.org
106. Further Information: Resource Center Pollinator
Conservation Resource CenterRegion-specific Information fromXerces,
Cooperative Extension,USDA-NRCS, NGO, and othersources, including:
Regional plant lists National plant lists Conservation guides Nest
construction guides Links to identification guides Pesticide
guidelines Native plant nursery directory
www.xerces.org/pollinator- resource-center
107. Further Information: PublicationsPublished in February
2011Attracting Native Pollinators belongson the bookshelf of
everyone whovalues the future of the naturalworld.- Douglas W.
Tallamy, researcher and author ofBringing Nature Home Precise,
elegant and thoughtful, therecommendations offered by theXerces
Society will become essentialto advancing a healthy and diversefood
production system.- Gary Nabhan, author of The Forgotten
Pollinatorsand Renewing Americas Food Traditions
www.xerces.org/store
108. Take Home MessageWildflower-rich habitats
supportbeneficial insects & other wildlifeEnsure Diverse forage
& nesting sites Management for insect diversity www.xerces.org
bumble bee to blazing star (follow links to pollinator program)
Photo: Nancy Adamson
109. Thank you! www.xerces.org(follow links to pollinator
program) mason bee Photo: Nancy Adamson on raspberry
110. The Xerces SocietyWith the support of its members, the
Society hasworked to protect wildlife through the conservationof
invertebrates and their habitat since 1971 . Xerces blue butterfly
(Glaucopsyche xerces), the first U.S. butterfly to go extinct due
to human activities. Photos: California NRCS and Ed Ross