Wild Pollinators

8/9/2019 Wild Pollinators

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WILD POLLINATORSof

EASTERN APPLE ORCHARDSand how to conserve them


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INTRODUCTION

There is o doubt that isect polliao is a vital service for agricultural

sstems. Without isect polliators, roughl a third of the worlds

crops would ower, ol to fade ad the lie barre. Polliators esure

abudat fruits ad vegetables. Of all isect polliators, bees are the

most importat. I the US aloe, the value of polliao services b

bees is esmated to be $18 billio1,2, but these services are threateed

ad dig alteraves is crucial for log-term polliao success.

WHY CONSIDER WILD BEES AS POLLINATORS NOW?

Honey bees are the most widely used insect pollinator in agricultural systems, as they

are easily managed. However, due to disease and compeng demands, the cost of

hive rentals connues to increase as supplies decrease. Farmers are aware of these

challenges as evidenced by a 2009 mail survey where 65% of New York apple growers

indicated that Colony Collapse Disorder of honey bees would negavely aect apple

producon3. For the same reason that diversied invesng is safer than dependence on

a single stock, relying on a single pollinator for this vital service may pose increasing risk.

Honey bees will no doubt remain a key pollinator for agricultural systems, but research

suggests more and more that wild bees are contribung to apple pollinaon.

WHAT ARE WILD BEES AND HOW DO THEY BENEFIT ME?

Besides honey bees, about 450 other bee species live in the eastern United States.

Over 80of these wild bees visit apple orchards. Most of these bees are nave to the

region, while at least one (the Hornfaced Bee, Osmia cornifrons) was introduced for

fruit pollinaon. Mail surveys of New York and Pennsylvania apple growers reveal that,when abundant, wild bees provide all the pollinaon an orchard needsand they do so

for FREE3,4! Further, careful pollinaon studies have shown that wild bees can be more

eecve pollinators than honey bees on a per-visit basis5,6,7, meaning they do not need

to be as abundant as honey bees to provide the same level of pollinaon. Wild bees

are a valuable orchard asset whose contribuons are only now beginning to be fully

appreciated.

WHY SHOULD I CARE ABOUT DIVERSITY?

Bee diversity stabilizes pollinaon services through me8. The more species in an area,

the more likely there will be a species that can tolerate variable climac condions, like

a cold and wet spring. Similarly when bee diversity is high, even if there is one species

that is exrpated by disease, parasites, pescides or habitat loss, other species connue

to thrive and pollinate.

FRONT COVER: Featured BeesCom

monEasternBumbleBee,

Bom

busimpatiens

Blue

-GreenSweatBee,Augochlorapura

SmallMiningBee,Andrenanasonii

LargeMiningBee,Andrenaregularis

Hor

nfacedBee,Osmiacornifrons

CITATION:

Park, M., et al.2012. Wild Polliators of Easter Apple Orchards ad How to Coserve Them. Corell

Uiversit, Pe State Uiversit, ad The Xerces Societ. URL: hp://www.ortheaspm.org/park2012

AUTHORS:

Mia Park, Corell Uiversit; Bra Daforth, Corell Uiversit; Joh Lose, Corell Uiversit; David

Biddiger, Pe State Uiversit; Mace Vaugha, The Xerces Societ; Jolie Dollar, The Xerces Societ;

Edwi Rajoe, Pe State Uiversit; ad Arthur Agello, Corell Uiversit.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

Mia Parks me o the booklet was supported b Corell Uiversits College of Agricultural ad Life

Scieces Lad Grat Graduate Fellowship. The polliator plat list was based o work published b Eric

Mader (The Xerces Societ), who reed the list for the booklet. Mahew Shepherd (The Xerces Societ)

provided photos ad other photo sources. We also thak the followig people who reviewed earl drasof this booklet: E.J. Blitzer, Jim Eve, Jaso Gibbs, Shao Hedke, Margarita Lopez-Uribe, Mar Park, ad

Eric Sha. Cover ad booklet illustraos: Fraces Fawce. Booklet laout: Chris Coole, CMCreave

Desig. Prig: Corell Prit Services, 4M, prited 9/06.

This publicaon is supported, in part, with funding from the

Northeastern IPM Center (NortheastIPM.org) and the USDA Naonal

Instute of Food and Agriculture.

Mission of the Center: The Northeastern Integrated Pest Management Center fosters the

development and adopon of IPM, a science-based approach to managing pests in ways that

generate economic, environmental, and human health benets. The Center works in partnership

with stakeholders from agricultural, urban, and rural sengs to idenfy and address regional

priories for research, educaon, and outreach.

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LIFE CyCLE OF A SOLITARy

GROUnDnESTInG BEE

Almost 90% of the worlds 20,000

bee species are solitary, and

70% of them live udergroud.

Adult solitar bees are acve for

a relavel short me (weeks

to moths). Durig the acve

period, females costruct a est,

cosisg of a tuel ad a series

of chambers (cells). The provisio

these chambers with a mix of

pollen and nectar, and then lay

a sigle egg i each. The egg isthen sealed in the chamber and

develops ito a larva ad the a

pupa without paretal care. Aer

moths udergroud, whe its

ight period returs, the adult

solitar bee will dig its wa out of

the nest and restart the cycle.

INTRODUCTION

WIN-WIN FOR WILD BEES AND GROWERS?

Pollinators are declining worldwide, as are their pollinaon services9. Eastern orchards

have a unique opportunity to simultaneously conserve wild bee populaons and to

benet from their contribuon to fruit pollinaon. The mixed eastern landscape,

comprised of orchard blocks interspersed with woodlots, fallow elds and hedgerows,

provides bees with needed natural habitat in close proximity to orchards. Simply

protecng bee resources that already exist on grower lands is an important rst step

in ensuring wild bee pollinaon. By encouraging wild bee abundance and diversity,

agricultural growers may be able to buer rising honey bee rental costs (a win for

farmers), while creang an environment that beer supports both wild and commercialbees (a win for all bees).

IN THIS BOOKLET YOU WILL FIND

1. a photo guide to bees most importat for apple produco

i the East;

2. steps to coservig, eve opmizig, wild bee polliao i

ad aroud our orchard;

3. recommedaos for plags to ehace food for

polliators;

4. summar of bee toxicies for commol used orchard

pescides;5. liks to other ke resources for more iformao.

BEE FACTS

WHy IS BEE POLLInATIOn SO

IMPORTAnT?

Apple is self-icompable, meaig

a trees ow polle will ot produce

ferlized seeds or fruit. Because all

trees withi a variet are cloes (i.e.

geecall idecal), polle must move

across variees. Great ers, adapted

to collect polle with their hair bodies,

bees cross-polliate owers as the

move throughout the orchard feedigon nectar and pollen.

WHAT DOES IT MEAn TO BE SOCIAL

OR SOLITARy?

Hoe bees ad bumble bees live i

social coloies with a quee - charged

ol with reproducig - ad a force of

workers, who take care of the colo.Ol the workers forage outside the

est. I cotrast, 90% of wild bee

species live a solitar life. Each solitar

female makes her ow est ad forages

for food for her oug.

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6

actual size

11-14mm

4-11mm

5.5-12mm

12-13

mm

7-9mm

THE MOST COMMON BEES IN YOUR ORCHARD

GROUND-NESTERS

The most important wild pollinators of apple are ground-nesng bees. Ground-nesters

excavate underground nests, comprised of tunnels and egg chambers where the young

develop a nesng strategy shared by 70% of bees worldwide. To avoid moisture-loving

microbes that aack food and young, nests are built in well-drained soils. These nests

are dicult to nd because the entrance is normally a simple hole in the ground, just

big enough for the bee to move in and out.

Nest requirements: Well-drained soil with access to bare ground.

Threats:Tilling, mulching, toxic herbicides like Paraquat (trade name

Gramoxone), and compacon.

Conservaon: Protect nesng sites from above threats and improve access tobare soil; provide oral resources through the growing season.

KEY

LARGE MINING BEES (Andrenaspp.)

At most sites, large mining bees are the most abundant and

widespread nave pollinators of apple. They deposit 2-3

mes more pollen than honey bees per visit.

CELLOPHANE BEES

(Colletes inaequalis)

Named for the iridescent coang that lines their

nest walls, cellophane bees are solitary but nest in

large aggregaons in grass-covered, sandy soil.

Unlike the other bees in this group,Augochlora pura,

pictured here, nests in rong wood.

GENERALIST OR SPECIALIST?These terms refer to the diet breadth of the bee.

Generalists use many types of plants as a food source, while specialists only use a single

species, genus or family of plants. Crop pollinators are typically generalists.

SMALL MINING BEES (Andrenaspp.)

DARK SWEAT BEES

(Lasioglossumspp., Halictus spp.)

BLUE-GREEN SWEAT BEES

(Augochlora pura, Agapostemon spp.,

Augochlorella aurata)

FORAGING: SOCIALITY: FLIGHT RANGE:

Generalist Specialist Solitary Social


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THE MOST COMMON BEES IN YOUR ORCHARD

CAVITY-NESTERS

This bee group is most familiar to us and includes honey bees and bumble bees. Such

bees do not excavate their own nest, but nd exisng cavies to house their social

colonies and honey supplies. Because these bees are acve all summer long, they

require constant (or at least long term) oral resources in the vicinity of the hive.

Nest requirements: Cavies in trees, in wooden structures or below-ground.

Threats:Habitat loss (i.e., inadequate nesng and food sites), pescide dri.

Conservaon:Protect or enhance adjacent, woody natural areas; provide oral

resources through the growing season; establish 20- buer for dri.

TUNNEL-NESTERS

As their name implies, these bees either excavate tunnels in wood (e.g., carpenter bees)

or use abandoned cavies, such as beetle burrows, or even cracks in masonry (e.g., mason

bees). Among the most important nave (and somemes managed) pollinators are mason

bees (genus Osmia). Mason bees are eecve apple pollinators and populaons can be

increased through the use of arcial nesng materials. For more informaon on mason

bee biology and management, see Bosch & Kemp 2001 (listed below under secon entled

MORE POLLINATOR CONSERVATION RESOURCES).

Nest requirements:Stems, trees, rong logs, wooden structures or old masonry.

Threats: Habitat loss (i.e., not enough nesng sites) and pescide dri.

Conservaon: Protect or enhance adjacent, woody natural areas and old stone

walls; provide nesng materials; maintain oral resources through the growing

season; establish a 20- buer for dri.

actual size

KEY

FORAGING: SOCIALITY: FLIGHT RANGE:

Generalist Specialist Solitary Social


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CONSERVATION

IN ORDER FOR WILD BEES TO THRIVE,

THREE BASIC NEEDS MUST BE MET:

1. adequate food,

2. safe esg sites, ad

3. proteco from pescides.

You may already take great care to provide these needs for honey bees, but wild bees

are unique in that they cannot be taken in and out of the orchard at will, so they must

be considered beyond the short bloom period. Moreover, wild bees are more vulnerable

because, unlike honey bees that send workers to forage, wild bee foragers are the

reproducing individuals for that populaon.

PROTECT AND ENHANCE POLLINATOR FOOD SOURCES

Wild bees require a connuous and diverse source of pollen and nectar to sustain

themselves and their young. Because they live longer than the short apple bloom, it is

crical that other oral resources are available within ight distance from your orchard.

Heres what ou ca do

First step, protect oral resources already available on your land:

wild bloomig trees ad shrubs, like willow, red maple, ad basswood

owerig weeds alog roadsides ad o laws

other earl bloomig fruit, such as cherr, plum ad raspberr

hedgerows

our home garde

next step,increase oral resources on your property to

build pollinator populaons. Floral planngs come in various

forms:

strips or scaered blocks at orchard margis

cover crops

expaded home gardes

USDA Plant Materials Centers, Xerces Society and university

researchers are developing region-specic plant mixes for

pollinators; funding is available for such planngs on farms

(discussed below). Flip to pages 14 and 15 for a guide to

plants that benet orchard pollinators.

GOVERNMENT COST-SHARE PROGRAMS

USDAs Farm Service Agency (FSA) and Natural Resources Conservaon Service (NRCS)provide funding opportunies for individual farmers to defray the costs of improving

lands for pollinators:

1. Conservaon Reserve Program (CRP) is a land rerement program that aims to

enhance wildlife habitat.

Website: www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=home&subject=copr&topic=c

rp. Contact your local USDA FSA service center to apply.

2. Environmental Quality Iniaves Program (EQIP) supports conservaon

pracces that improve environmental quality of land.

Website:www.rcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/rcs/mai/aoal/programs/

acial/eqip. See website for state-specic applicaon instrucons.

3. Wildlife Habitat Incenves Program (WHIP) funds establishment and

improvement of wildlife habitat.

Website: www.rcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/rcs/mai/aoal/programs/

acial/whip. Contact your local USDA NRCS service center to apply.

BEE & BLOOM PHENOLOGY*

BLOOM GROUND NESTERS CAVITY NESTERS TUNNEL NESTERS

Apple

Plum

Peach

Cherry

Large mining Bees

Small Mining Bees

Cellophane Bees

Dark Sweat Bees

Blue-Green Sweat Bees

Bumble Bees

Large Carpenter Bees

Small Carpenter Bees

Mason Bees

March April May June July August Septeber October November December

Pollinator planting jointly

established by the Xerces Society,

USDA NRCS, and the University of

New Hampshire Extension.

* Timing is generalized for the eastern U.S. and will vary according to your latitude and microclimate.

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Follow label guidelies.

Miimize dri ad direct exposure of chemicals to foragig bees. Appl spras

at ight or ver earl whe wids are usuall calm ad bees are ot acve.

no-toxic whe dr, surfactats ca phsicall drow polliators if applied

while bees are acve.

In general, be mindful that wild bees are present on farms before and aer the apple

bloom and may even be nesng within tree rows. On pages 16 and 17, you will nd a

table that ranks bee toxicity of pescides most commonly used in orchards.

MORE POLLINATOR CONSERVATION RESOURCESWEBSITES:

The Xerces Society, www.xerces.org, provides a wealth of informaon on pollinator

conservaon, including downloadable factsheets and publicaons, as well as links to

other sources.

Pollinator Partnership, www.polliator.org , is a non-prot coalion dedicated to the

conservaon of North American pollinators. Check out their resources for farming.

Penn State Universitys Center for Pollinator Research,eto.psu.edu/polliators,

conducts research and outreach for wild and managed pollinators. Latest news on CCD

and outreach informaon are found here.

Cornell Universitys Wild Pollinator Program, etomolog.corell.edu/wildpolliators,

serves as a portal to research and outreach about non-honey bee pollinators of New

York crops and nave plants.

RECOMMEnDED PUBLICATIOnS:

Bosch, J. and W. Kemp. 2001. How to Manage the Blue Orchard Bee as an Orchard

Pollinator. The Naonal Outreach Arm of USDA-SARE, Handbook Series, Book 5.

Sustainable Agriculture Network, Naonal Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD. hp://www.sare.org/Learig-Ceter/Books/How-to-Maage-the-Blue-Orchard-Bee

Mader, E., M. Shepherd, M. Vaughan, S.H. Black and G. LeBuhn. 2011. Aracng Nave

Pollinators. Storey Press.

Mader, E., M. Spivak and E. Evans. 2010. Managing Alternave Pollinators: A Handbook

for Beekeepers, Growers, and Conservaonists, SARE Handbook 11, copublished by

SARE and NRAES. hp://msare.sare.org/publicaos/polliators/polliators.pdf

Reidl, H., E. Johansen, L. Brewer and J. Barbour. 2006. How to Reduce Bee Poisoning

from Pescides. Oregon State University. hp://extesio.oregostate.edu/catalog/

pdf/pw/pw591.pdf

USDA NRCS. 2009. New England Biology Technical Note: Pollinator Biology and Habitat.

p://p-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/nH/WWW/Techical/new_Eglad_nRCS_Polliator_

Tech_note_FInAL.pdf

Vaughan, M., M. Shepherd, C. Kremen, and S.H. Black. 2007. Farming for Bees:

Guidelines for Providing Nave Bee Habitat on Farms. 2nd ed. hp://www.xerces.org/

pubs_merch/Farmig_for_Bees.htm

PROVIDE SAFE NESTING SITES

The best way to provide safe nesng is to maximize undisturbed areas around your

farm. Ground nesters benet most if areas with semi-barrren, sandy soils are protected

from compacon or lling. Both tunnel- and cavity-nesters nest in or at the edge of

woody semi-natural or natural areas, as well as in old stone walls and sheds.

HOW TO CREATE NEW NESTING SITES

BEE GROUP

GROUnDnESTERS Shallow ll well-drained areas once and maintain

bare ground with glyphosate.

TUnnELnESTERS Pile old trees that are pulled near orchard.

Place self-made or purchased stem nests made

from tubes or drilled wood close to orchard but

safe from pescide dri. Start small to see if

tunnel-nesters are in your area. See Maderet al.

201010for further informaon.

SOCIAL CAVITynESTERS Pile old trees that are pulled near orchard.

Do not destroy rodent holes

PROTECT BEES FROM PESTICIDES

Pescides, including fungicides and even some herbicides, are a general danger to bees,

but wild bees are more impacted because they reproduce more slowly than honey bees

and each wild bee is not only a worker but also a reproducer. Here are some general

guidelines to protect bees from pescides:

If ou have a choice, use the least hazardous formulao.

Avoid dusts ad microecapsulated spras; bees easil pick them up o their

hairs or mistake them for polle.

Cellophane bee at the

entrance of her ground nest.

Block nest for mason bees by

a pear tree.

Bumble bee nest in a pile of

old leaves and grass.

CONSERVATION

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FORAGE PLANTS FOR WILD POLLINATORS

COMMON NAME SPECIES NAME FORM

Service berr

Amelanchier spp.

tree

Soil: mesic

Puss willow

Salix discolor

tree-shrubSoil: wet

Lupie

Lupinus perennis

forb

Soil: mesic, dr

Basswood

Tilia americana

tree

Soil: mesic

Lace-leaf coreopsis

Coreopsis lanceolata

forb

Soil: wet to dr

Smooth penstemon

Penstemon digitalis

forb

Soil: mesic, dr

Milkweed

Asclepias spp.

forb

Soil: wet to dr

FLOWERINGSEASON:

SPRING

SUMMER

Both wild and commercial bees would benet from increased oral resources on your land.

Choose combinaons of plants, so that dierent ower types are available throughout the enre

growing season. The species recommended below are all eastern nave perennials.

Purple coeower

Echinacea spp.

forb

Soil: mesic

Wild bergamot

Monarda stulosa

forbSoil: mesic, dr

Joe Pe weed

Eupatorium purpureum

forb

Soil: mesic, wet

Blue giat hssop

Agastache foeniculum

forb

Soil: mesic

Giat suower

Helianthus giganteus

forb

Soil: mesic, dr

White meadowsweet

Spiraea alba

shrub

Soil: mesic

new Eglad aster

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae

forb

Soil: mesic

SUMMER

FALL

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TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES TO BEES(NOTE: TOXICITY RATINGS BASED ON HONEY BEE TESTS)

Disclaimer: These data mostly incorporate studies looking at acute, short-term adult toxicity.

The eects on other life stages from feeding on contaminated pollen might be dierent in

chronic exposure. For example, larvae exposed to some IGRs could have developmental and

reproducve eects including reducons in fecundity and ferlity. Also, eects on non-honey

bee, pollinang insects are not well known.

Note: On-going research has recently shown that even the inert ingredients that are part of the pescide formulaon can be toxic to

honey bees by impairing their ability to learn. Of the inert ingredients tested, organosilicone surfactants/adjuvants were most toxic.

Other non-ionic surfactants showed some toxicity and crop oils were least toxic.

CHEMICAL CLASS/GROUP EXAMPLES OF COMMON NAMES EXAMPLES OF TRADE NAMES NON LOW MODERATE HIGH

CARBAMATES oxaml Vdate

carbarl, methoml Sevi, Laate

nICOT InOI DS clothiaidi, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam Clutch, Provado, Actara

acetamiprid, thiacloprid Assail, Calpso

ORG AnO PHOSP HATES aziphos-methl, chlorprifos, diazio, Guthio, Lorsba, Diazio, Dimethoate

dimethoate, malathion, methidathion, phosmet /Dimate, Malathio, Supracide, Imida

CHLORInATED HyDROCAR BOn edosulfa Thioda/Thioex

PyRE THROIDS bifethri, cuthri, deltamethri, esfevalerate, Brigade, Bathroid, Decis, Asaa,

fepropathri, lambda-chalothri, permethri Daitol, Warrior, Ambush/Pouce

prethrum/prethri PGaic

InSECT GROWTH REGULATORS IGRS methoxfeozide, tebufeozide Itrepid, Corm

buprofezi, priproxfe Applaud/Cetaur, Esteem

ovaluro Rimo

DIAM IDES chloratrailiprole, ubediamide Altacor, Belt

MACROCyCLI C LACTO nES abamec/avermec, emamec bezoate, Agri-Mek, Proclaim, Delegate,

spinetoram, spinosad Etrust/Success

MITI CIDES acequiocl, clofetezie, extoxazole, feproximate, Kaemite, Apollo, Zeal/Secure,

febuta-oxide, hexthiazox Fujimite/Portal, Vedex, Oager/Save

spirodiclofe Evidor

bifeazate Acramite

pridabe nexter/Pramite

OTHER InSECTIC IDES formetaateHCI Carzol

azadirach, horcultural mieral oils, Aza-Direct/neemix, Stlet Oil,

idoxacarb, spirotetramat Avaut, Moveto

oicamid, kaoli cla, potassium salts of fa acids/soap Beleaf, Surroud, M-Pede

Bacillus thuringiensis, Cydia pomonellagraulosis virus Bt/Dipel, Carpovirusie/Cd-X

FUnG ICIDES capta, macozeb Capta, Dithae/Mazate/Pecozeb

sterol ihibitors, strobiluris Idar/nova/Rall/Rubiga, Flit/Sovra

lime sulfur*, sulfur*

PLAn T GROWT H REGU LATORS ethepho, nAA/1-naphthaleeacec acid Ethrel

*Repellent for more than one day.

TOXICITY LEVEL

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NOTES CITED REFERENCES1 Morse, R. A. & Calderone, N. W. The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. crops in 2000. Bee

Culture, 1-15 (2000).

2 Losey, J. E. & Vaughan, M. The economic value of ecological services provided by insects. Bioscience

56, 311-323 (2006).

3 Park, M., Orr, M. & Danforth, B. in New York Fruit QuarterlyVol. 18 21-25 (New York State

Horcultural Society, Geneva, NY, 2010).

4 Joshi, N. K., Biddinger, D. & Rajoe, E. G. in 10th Internaonal Pollinaon Symposium (Puebla,

Mexico, 2011).

5 Bosch, J. & Kemp, K. How to Manage the Blue Orchard Bee, as an Orchard Pollinator. (Sustainable

Agriculture Network, 2001).

6 Winfree, R., Williams, N. M., Dusho, J. & Kremen, C. Nave bees provide insurance against ongoing

honey bee losses. Ecology Leers10, 1105-1113 (2007).

7 Thomson, J. D. & Goodell, K. Pollen removal and deposion by honeybee and bumblebee visitors to

apple and almond owers.Journal of Applied Ecology38, 1032-1044 (2001).

8 Winfree, R. & Kremen, C. Are ecosystem services stabilized by dierences among species? A test using

crop pollinaon. Proceedings of the Royal Society B276, 229-237 (2009).

9 Pos, S. G.et al.Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology and

Evoluon25, 345-353 (2010).10 Mader, E., Spivak, M. & Evans, E. in SARE Handbook 11 (copublished by SARE and NRAES, 2010).

PHOTO CREDITSAside from those taken from public domain, photos were used with permission from the following

individuals, who maintain copyright privileges.

Page:

4:Milkweed,Asclepiassyriaca, Albert F. W. Vick, Lady Bird Johnson Wildower Center.

5: Bee life cycle, Dennis Briggs and Robbin Thorp (pupa), UC Davis; boom le, Colletes inaequalis,

John Ascher, www.discoverlife.org; boom right,Andrenaspp., Kent Loeer, Cornell

University.

6: Large and small mining bees, Andrenaspp., Kent Loeer, Cornell University.

7: Cellophane bee, Colletes inaequalis, Alberto Lopez; dark sweat bee, Lasioglossumspp. and

Halictusspp., Kent Loeer, Cornell University; blue-green sweat bee, Augochlora pura, Tom

Murray, www.pBase.org.

8: Bumble bee, Bombus impaens, Tom Murray, www.pBase.org; honey bee, Apis mellifera, Kent

Loeer, Cornell University.

9: Large carpenter bee,Xylocopa virginica, Kent Loeer, Cornell University; small carpenter bee,

Ceranadupla, JelleDevalez, www.discoverlife.org; mason bee, Osmiacornifrons, USDA ARS.10: Bumble bee on Monarda stulosa, Eric Mader, The Xerces Society.

11: Pollinator planng, Don Keirstead (USDA-NRCS).

12: Le, cellophane bee nest, Margarita Lopez-Uribe; center, block nest, Mahew Shepherd, The

Xerces Society; right, bumble bee nest, Al Eggenberger.

14: Service berry,Amelanchierspp., David G. Smith, www.delawarewildowers.org; Pussy willow,

Salix discolor, Albert F. W. Vick, Lady Bird Johnson Wildower Center; Lupine, Lupinus

perennis, W. D. Bransford, Lady Bird Johnson Wildower Center; Basswood, Tilia Americana,

Toby Alexander/USDA-NRCS; Lance-leaf coreopsis, Coreopsis lanceolata, David Cappaert,

Michigan State University, Bugwood.org; Smooth penstemon, Penstemon digitalis, David G.

Smith, www.delawarewildowers.org; Milkweed,Asclepiassyriaca, Albert F. W. Vick, Lady

Bird Johnson Wildower Center.

15: Purple coneower, Echinacea purpurea, Joseph A. Marcus, Lady Bird Johnson Wildower Center;

Wild bergamot, Monarda stulosa, Catherine Herms, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.

org; Joe Pye weed, Eupatorium purpureum, Mahew Shepherd, The Xerces Society;

Blue giant hyssop,Agastache foeniculum, Andy and Sally Wasowski, Lady Bird Johnson

Wildower Center; White meadowsweet, Spiraea albasub. lafolia, J.S. Peterson, USDA-

NRCS PLANTS Database; New England aster, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae, Pennsylvania

Department of Conservaon and Natural Resources, Forestry Archive, Bugwood.org.18


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Copright Corell Uiversit

For a free pdf versio of this booklet or istrucos to order

hardcopies, go to: hp://www.ortheaspm.org/park2012

Documents

Wild Pollinators