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Industrialization and Reform
Essential Questions -
How did industrialization, social reform, and philosophical movements influence the direction of American life?
How did people respond to the new challenges of industrial life?
• Modern industrialization brainstorming
• Understand causes of industrialization
• Evaluate the effects of industrialization
• PowerPoint presentation industrialization
• Brainstorming effects of industrialization
3 Revolutions (1820s-1850s)
• Economic
• Social Reform
• Political
New Immigrants
• Do you know where they were from??
Irish Immigration = 2 m. in 20yrs
Irish Population % in U.S. Today
The Marshall Court Decisions
• Fletcher v. Peck
• Dartmouth v. Woodward(Daniel Webster )
– States cannot impair the obligation of contracts
The Marshall Court Decisions
• Gibbons v. Ogden
– Fed. Gov’t. regulates interstate commerce
Fulton’s steamboat
Claremont (1809)
A Market Society
• The Factory System – Samuel Slater est.shed America’s first factory in
1790 – First large-scale American factory (1814 Waltham,
MA)• Lowell followed
– “interchangeable parts” that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products
– South lags behind North
Lowell Mills
Lowell Mills
Water Power
The Locks at Lowell (32 ft. drop)
Boott Mill (1835)
Lowell Boardinghouse
Morning Bell at Lowell
1st Ring
4:30
Last Ring
10:00
Lowell Factory Church (1825)
Rise of factories
Samuel Morse and his Telegraph
A New Economy
• Transportation – Improvements costs and linked farmers to markets – Toll roads did little – Improved water transportation did most
• Steamboat/ canals • increased the speed• lowered the expense of commerce $100- $10
– Railroads – Telegraph
Railroads & Canals Example
• Robert Fulton’s Steamboat 1809(Fulton’s Folly)
• Erie Canal (1825)
(Clinton’s Ditch)
• Catskill to Ithaca Railroad (1928)
Travel During the Erie Canal Era
Dirt Road(freight)
Canal(freight)
Method Wagon 8 Horses
Line Boat 2 Mules
Amount of Time 15-45 Days 9 Days
Cost $100/Ton $6/Ton
Connecting the Great Lakes w/ Miss. River
Railroads, Canals, & Turnpikes
Travel Times from New York City in 1800 and 1830 • pg. 315
Travel Times from New York City in 1800 and 1830
Table 9.1 • pg. 317
The Market Revolution: Western Settlement, 1800–1820 • pg. 316
The Market Revolution: Western Settlement,
1800–1820
A New Economy (con’t)• Inventions
– Eli Whitney’s cotton gin – McCormick’s reaper
• Unfree Westward Movement – App. 1 million slaves moved from to the Deep South
between 1800 and 1860 – Slave trading became a well-organized business
• slave coffles – Cotton became the empire of liberty’s most
important export
Social Reformers
Dorothea Dix
• Girls school 1821
• Report to MA (reading)
• Helped open mental hospitals in 11 states
Horace Mann
• Started MA public schools
• 'common' or public schools would strengthen democracy by uniting children of all social classes
(PBS.org)
Colleges Founded
• Amherst (1821)
• Trinity College (1823)
• Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1836)
• Oberlin (1833)
The Smithsonian Founded 1846
• British scientist gives money to nephew/U.S.
Women’s Rights
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Women’s Rights
Susan B. Anthony
So let us consider women in the 1st half of the 18th C.
• Adams “Don’t forget the ladies”• “The Cult of True Womanhood” “cult of domesticity”
• Seneca Falls – 1848 “Declaration of Sentiments”
Transcendentalist
• Truth “transcends” human understanding
• Natural world
• Reclaim life from mechanized world
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
Transcendentalist
• Henry David Thoreau
• On Civil Disobedience– Opposition to Mexican War
(it’ll promote slavery)
– Refused to pay tax
($ used for the war)
Communal Living
• Robert Owen New Harmony– Cooperation would “supersede individual
interest”– Econ. equality…Socialism??
2nd Great Awakening
• Educated, Middle class-oriented
• Emotions
• celebration of personal self-improvement, self-reliance, and self-determination
• Timothy Dwight & Charles Finney
Religion
• Mormon faith
• Joseph Smith
• Brigham Young leads them west (1846)
Mormon Trail
The Trail Today
Some Major Trails West
Land Acquisition