Refers to change in manufacturing methods:

From slower(more expensive) to fast production by machine(cheaper)

From work at home to work in the factory

Broad meaning: Effect of machinery upon humanity

First phase (1750 -1870)

Invention of first complex machines and building of first factories

Steam as sources of power

New methods of transportation and communication

Second Phase (1870 –still going on)

New sources of power – new industries

Application of science to industry

Automation – machines replacing men

Use of computers

Renaissance spirit – concern in improving life in this world

Commercial Revolution –expansion overseas

Where: Great BritainWhen: 18th centuryWhy: Combination of conditions (factors of

production) –basic resources necessary for industrialization: land / capital /labor

Land: Natural resources – coal, iron and raw

materials from colonies (cotton for ex.) Good geographic location with many

ports and an excellent internal canal system to ship materials and goods)

Freedom from destruction of wars on the continent.

Labor: Agricultural changes – Enclosure Acts,

technological advances – many people seeking work

Population growth and more skilled workers.

Capital: Markets – colonial power Wealthy entrepreneurs Stable and strong economy – National

Bank of England – since 1694

Minds   gifted men with ideas and visionManpower  workers leaving the rural areas to come to the cities for jobsManagers leadership to manage factories and shopsMaterials  coal, iron ore and other natural resourcesMoney  capital made on wars and trade ventures available for

investmentMarkets  a large colonial empire and established trade agreementsModes of transportation  roads, rail and shipping facilities

Size of cities - Growth of factories,

bringing job seekers to cities

- Urban areas doubled, tripled or quadrupled in size

- Factories developed near sources of energy

- Many new industrial cities, specializing in certain industries.

No sanitary codes or building control

Lack of adequate housing, education and police protection

Lack of running water and indoor plumbing

Frequent epidemics sweeping through slums

Eventually –better housing, healthier diets and cheaper clothing

New jobs were created Workers trying to kep

pace with machines Unsanitary and dirty

factories Dangerous operation of

machines Harsh and severe factory

discipline Eventually – higher

wages, shorter hours , better conditions

Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers and merchants

Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of rich middle class

Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers

Lower class of underpaid and overworked men, women and children

In general, a rising standard of living for some groups.

TransportationSteam engine revolutionized transportation - water transportation - railroads

Roads also improved. Wagons could now travel over roads without sinking in mud. Roads would be covered with layers of crushed rocks and large stones for drainage.

1. Industrial workers in the late 1800s had no power to make big business raise their pay or improve their working conditions.

2. Workers united = more power – they started to organize themselves for a common goal forming labor unions.

3. Skilled workers led the way in forming unions – they were not easily replaced.

4. Labor unions workers would try to force employers to improve the working conditions or raise their pay.

5. Labor unions also used their voting power to persuade the government to pass laws favoring them.

6. Union movement grew slowly in Europe and U.S

Why Government favored business interests?

Influence of business in Govt.Big business gave large contributions of money to governemt leaders gaining influence over them.

Fear of strikesStrikes were illegal for the longest time since governments feared they would hurt the growth of economy.British workers could not even form unions early on.

Unfavorable public opinionMany people believed that if unions succeeded in winning higher wages, prices would rise. Unions were seen as a threat to social order and stability.

1799/1800 – Combination Acts – outlawed unions and strikes.

1824 – Parliament repeals the Combination Acts. Government unhappily tolerated unions.

1833 –Factory Acts – to regulate child labor1842 –Mines Act – women and children could not work

underground.1845 – Workers formed a National Labor Organization.1847 – Ten Hours Act – limited workday to 10 hours for

women and children in the factories.1859 –Government allowed peaceful demonstrations.1875 –Workers win the right to strike. Unions had 1

million members.