Upload
lawrence-kok
View
3.907
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
IB Chemistry on Addition and Condensation Polymerization
Citation preview
• Monomers with double bonds (unsaturated) • Addition reaction • Repeating units joined together by covalent bonds without loss of any molecule
Polymerization
Polymerization • Polymers are long chains molecules • Joining large number of repeating units called monomers • Known as plastics • Addition and condensation polymerization
http://www.fimmtech.com/index.php?id=6&subid=30
• Monomers with different functional gps. • Condensation reaction • Repeating units joined together by covalent bonds with a loss of water/HCI molecule • Polyester – carboxyl and hydroxyl gp join together (ester link) • Polyamide - carboxyl and amine gp join together (amide link)
Addition polymerization Condensation polymerization
Polymerization
Examples Addition Polymers • Polyethene (polythene), (PE) • Polyvinyl chloride, poly(chloroethene), (PVC) • Polypropene (PP) • Poly (tetrafluoroethene) , PTFE • Polystyrene (PS)
Examples Condensation Polymers • Polyamide, Nylon 6.6 • Polyester, Terylene, PET
Ethene monomers - addition polymerization- polyethene, (PE)
http://www.impexgp.com/product.html
http://www.ehow.com/facts_6935785_difference-ldpe-hdpe.html
http://recyclecare.com.au/en/Grade_PP.html
Propene monomers - addition polymerization – polypropene, (PP)
Addition Polymerization
High pressure
1200atm
High Temp
200C
http://www.impexgp.com/product.html
http://businessbarbados.com/green-business/the-dangers-of-polystyrene/
http://shop.ch.interapp.net/index.php?cat=KAT01&lang=ENG
http://www.ehow.com/facts_6935785_difference-ldpe-hdpe.html
http://recyclecare.com.au/en/Grade_PP.html
Addition Polymerization
Chloroethene monomers - addition polymerization – poly(chloroethene), (PVC)
Styrene/phenylethene monomers - addition polymerization – polystyrene, (PS)
Tetrafluoroethene monomers – poly(tetrafluoroethene), Teflon, (PTFE)
Addition Polymerization
H H | | C = C | | H H
H H | | C = C | | H CI
H H | | C = C | | H CH3
F F | | C = C | | F F
+
H H | | C = C | | H H
H H | | C = C | | H H
H H | | C = C | | H H
H H | | C = C | | H H
H H | | C = C | | H CI
H H | | C = C | | H CI
H H | | C = C | | H CI
H H | | C = C | | H CI
H H | | C = C | | H CH3
H H | | C = C | | H CH3
H H | | C = C | | H CH3
H H | | C = C | | H CH3
F F | | C = C | | F F
F F | | C = C | | F F
F F | | C = C | | F F
F F | | C = C | | F F
Addition Polymerization - No loss of molecule, long chain formed, Unsaturated monomer to Saturated polymer
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
Ethene Ethene Ethene Ethene Ethene
Propene Propene Propene Propene Propene
Chloroethene Chloroethene Chloroethene Chloroethene Chloroethene
Tetrafluoroethene Tetrafluoroethene Tetrafluoroethene Tetrafluoroethene Tetrafluoroethene
Polyethene
Polychloroethene
Polypropene
Polytetrafluoroethene
Condensation Reaction and Polymerization
• Monomer having different functional groups on both ends • Different functional groups react together • Forming a covalent bond with removal/loss of a molecule
Monocarboxylic Acid + Monoalcohol → Ester
Monocarboxylic Acid + Monoamine → Amide
Ester bond
Amide bond
Dicarboxylic Acid + Diamine → Polyamide
Dihydric Alcohol + Dicarboxylic Acid → Polyester
Condensation Reaction Polymerization Polyester
Polyester bond
Condensation Reaction Polymerization Polyamide
Polyamide bond
http://faculty.uscupstate.edu/llever/Polymer%20Resources/Synthesis.htm
http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/nylon.htm
Ethane 1, 2 diol + Benzene 1, 4 Dicarboxylic acid → Ethene terephthalate
Condensation Polymerization Polyester
Both ends same functional gps
Polyester formation • Monomer with Carboxyl (COOH) and hydroxyl (OH) functional gp join together (Ester link) • Ethane 1, 2 diol + Benzene 1, 4 Dicarboxylic acid → Terylene, PET, (Polyethene terephthalate) • Loss of water molecule (condensation) • Repeating unit
Advantages of polymers • Cheap, Light, insoluble in water - low toxicity • Strong covalent bonds –unreactive, resistant to chemicals, heat or organic solvents • High Strength and electrical insulators • Flexible, easily moulded to form other shapes, sheets, rods or tubes. • Production of fibres – garments and clothes
Both ends same functional gps Both ends different functional gps
Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer
Polymer (Polyester)
Hexane 1,6 dioic acid + Hexane 1,6 diamine → Nylon 6.6
Condensation Polymerization Polyamide
Both ends same functional gps Both ends same functional gps Both ends different functional gps
Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer
Polymer (Polyamide)
Polyamide formation • Monomer with Carboxyl (COOH) and Amine (NH2) functional gp join together (Amide link) • Hexane 1,6 dioic acid + Hexane 1,6 diamine → Nylon 6.6 • Loss of water molecule (condensation) • Polypeptide chains have amide link • Repeating unit
Advantages of polymers • Cheap, Light, insoluble in water - low toxicity • Strong covalent bonds –unreactive, resistant to chemicals, heat or organic solvents • High Strength and electrical insulators • Flexible, easily moulded to form other shapes, sheets, rods or tubes. • Production of fibres – garments and clothes