Paraphrasing Referencing,

Zafar Ullah, English Facilitatorzafarullah76@gmail.com

Plagiarism, Effects

• Plagiarism occurs when you copy directly from someone else’s work without acknowledging (citing) the original author.

• In the university culture, this is regarded as the same as cheating on your exam or stealing ideas of others.

• Effects of Plagiarism on your thesis/ dissertation

• Pal Schmitt• 19% similarity index allowed

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How to Combat Plagiarism• Never deceive.• Never hire ghost writers.• Don’t use images/ snaps• Turnitin arrests criminals of intellectual

property.• Only 3 attempts are allowed• Don’t use viper softwares etc before

Turnitin.• APA 6th Edition and Paraphrase

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What is paraphrase? How?

• A paraphrase is when you write the ideas of published authors in your own words without changing the original meaning.

• A more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.

How?• Change the structure of the paragraph • Change the words (use thesaurus, synonyms)

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Steps to Effective ParaphrasingReread the original passage.

• Take notes.• Set the original aside, and write your

paraphrase.• Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to

show its link.• Use quotation marks to identify any unique term

or phraseology.• Record the source (in text citation, including the

page)• Researcher’s voice

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Paraphrasing Sentences

1.Original: Her life spanned years of incredible change for women.

Paraphrase: She lived through an unbelievable era of liberating reform for women. 

2.Original: Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay and they can consume 75 pounds of food a day.

Paraphrase: A giraffe can eat up to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves and hay every day. 

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Activity: Paraphrase These Sentences• “The internet could be a very positive step

towards education, organisation and participation in a meaningful society.”

• “Language is a process of free creation; its laws and principles are fixed, but the manner in which the principles of generation are used is free and infinitely varied. Even the interpretation and use of words involves a process of free creation.”

• (Noam Chomsky Quotes- BrainyQuote, 2015)

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The Original Passage• Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes,

and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. (Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

• A plagiarized version:• Students often use too many direct quotations when they take

notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of your final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

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A Legitimate Paraphrase:

• In research papers, learners often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester, 1976).

(Purdue OWL: Paraphrase Exercises, n.d.)

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Academic Language Characteristics

• How to write a good paragraph?• Use of Transitional words (soft handout)• Typical Research sentences (soft handout)• Researcher’s voice• Unemotional language• Impartial language• Never use royal plural “we”• Least use of “I”

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Why to Cite? What to Cite?

• Validity and Reliability• Literature Review• Prefer Primary Sources• Books• Research Papers• Dictionaries• Encyclopedias • Never cite Wikipedia. Use it only for search of primary

sources• Cite Edu sources, not blogs

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How to Search Your Target Material?• Books References• Papers References• Wikipedia References• Google Books• Handbook of…• An Introduction of…• www.citefast.com

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How to Get Books?

• www.bookzz.org (books, papers)• www.golibgen.io

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How to get Papers, Theses?

Paperswww.academia.eduhttp://cogprints.org/view/subjects/ling.htmlDigital library of NUMLJstore, springer, Taylor & Francis

Theses• http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/edacs/departments/

englishlanguage/research/resources/essays/tefltesl.aspx• http://hub.hku.hk/browse?

type=thesisdiscipline&order=ASC&rpp=20&value=%0AApplied+English+Studies

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Structure of a Thesis

• Initial pages (title, approval form, dedication, acknowledgement, abstract, content list

• Chapter 1 Introduction• Chapter 2 Literature Review• Chapter 3 Research Methodology• Chapter 4 Data Analysis• Chapter 5 Conclusion• References• Appendices

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Stay Up to date Second by Second

• www.netvibes.com (Create dash board, means your topic)

• Create Google Scholar alert

• Follow www.academia.com group or fields

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APA 6th Edition

• APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences like TEFL, linguistics etc.

• For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association, 2010) .

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Order of ReferenceMemorize: AD 3T, V 3P• Author(s)• Date  •  Title of book  • Title of article  •  Title of periodical  •  • Volume  •  Pages•  Place of publication•  Publisher•  Other information

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How to Generate References and In text Citation Fast Fast?• www.citefast.com• Reliable, Perfect, Quickest, Auto, ManualAdvantages: Quick generation of references Get ready made references Automatic in text citation (In website intext citation, just re) Automatic Alphabetize Know books on the topic Save your references. Save in your laptop too. Access anywhere

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ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association. (2010).

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: Author.

Noam Chomsky Quotes- BrainyQuote. (2015, February 6). Retrieved February 6, 2015, from http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/n/noam_chomsky.html

Purdue OWL: Paraphrase Exercises. (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2015, from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1/

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