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Climate change and Equine Infectious DiseasesManaging the uncertainty
Presented by Dr Gary Muscatello BVSc, PhDLecture, Applied Animal Microbiology
Theme Leader: Animal Biosecurity, Production and Health
Outline ….
Horse- Pathogen-Environment Interaction
Climate Impact on HPEI
Disease threatsNOW !!FUTURE ??
Adaptation to Disease Risk InformationStrategies
ENVIRONMENT PATHOGENS
HOST
HPEI and horse health
Temperature, land and waterSunlightAtmosphereFeed and nutrientsHusbandry and housingOther horses and other animal speciesInsects
Aim of good equine husbandry is to manipulate HPEI in favour of the horse.
‘Equine friendly ecosystem’Reduce host-pathogen interaction• Pathogen bias
S
Negative climate impact
Feed and water limitationWeather stressorsChanging weather patterns Monsoonal rain events Cyclonic/extreme eventsWarmer and drier Fitness Encroachment Insects Irritants and pollutants Microbes
Increase risk of specific infectious diseases in horses– Opportunistic– Insect borne– Wildlife borne
Climate impact and EID !!!
Reduced fitnessHeat stressMalnutrition ?Opportunistic disease
Drought associated diseasesRhodococcus equi
pneumoniaEAFL and MRLS
Warming Insect borne diseasesOpportunistic bacteria and
fungi
Limitation on natural resourcesEncroachment diseases
Pollutants and respiratory healthCOPD ??
Current EID events and climate
‘Rattles’
Inhalation of high concentrations of a saprophytic bacteria called virulent R. equi
Seasonal disease of foals
Exacerbated during dry and dusty conditions
Exacerbated in Thoroughbred IndustryIntensificationBreeding regime
Hunter Valley continue to experience on-going issues with this disease
Worsens if dry spells correspond with high numbers of susceptible foals on the ground
Current EID events and climate
Equine Amnionitis and foetal loss syndrome
2004-05 Hunter Valley and SE Queensland
Mares ingesting hairy caterpillars Moult from older larvae (Feb-April)Pupate in soil (May)Wind and heavy summer rains / drought breaking
Amniontis/foetal infection Setae allow bacterial invasion Gut microbes and soil bacteria
MRLS and nocardioform placentitis
Increase incidence of caterpillar associated reproductive disorders in 2011 -12Nest numbers where high during this summer !!
Current EID events and climate
Equine ArbovirusesKunjin, MVE and RR virusTypically seen in Nth AustraliaBirds, rodents and macropods act as reservoirs
2011 – cyclonic weather eventMild and wet autumnLocalized floodingIdeal for mosquito migration and breeding
Neurological disease (Kunjin and MVE)Sore muscles and joints (MVE and RR)~1,000 cases ~10% case fatalities
New strain of Kunjin virusNeuroinvasive mutantSimilar to WNV
MVE seen in Victoria 1974
Current EID events and climate
Hendra virus
Flying foxes reservoir hostSeen in Coastal Queensland and Northern NSWReduced natural food resources for batsUrbanization of batsIncreased likelihood of bat-horse interactionSeasonal spill-overStress, pregnant bats, bats giving birth2011 – 19 incidences (14 incidence 1994-2010)
Virus is fragile.Increased frequency of detection in bat urine during the summer…Mild autumn contribute to increased infectivity ??Changes in migration patterns related to cyclonic events ??More bat colonies becoming infected ??
‘Future’ EID events and climate
Mosquito populations
Increase in rainfall intensity Strong wind eventWarming Periodic migration of mosquitoes Sth
Increase frequency of arbovirus disease Establishment of tropical mosquitoes Sth
Seasonal arbovirus disease Increase the risk of emergence of virulent strains
Kunjin WNV (NY99)
Spread of other tropical arbovirusesEquine Infectious Anaemia
Introduction of exotic arbovirusesJapanese Encephalitis Virus
Most of SE AsiaSeen in Torres Strait
‘Future’ EID events and climate
Mosquito populations
Bacterial associated insect disease ‘Pigeon fever’
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Endemic in sheep in goats in Australia ‘Cheesy gland’
Biting insects inoculating pectoral muscles with bacteria from the soil
Spread from West coast to central and eastern U.S.
Bot fly
Tick borne diseases
‘Future’ EID events and climate
Warming
Bacterial proliferation Opportunistic infection Rain intensity / monsoonal rains ?
‘Rain Scald’ ‘Greasy heal’ Dermatophilus congolensis
Bacterial respiratory tract disease StablesPseudomonas aeruginosaKlebsiella pneumoniaeSaprophytes, biofilms
Migration of tropical bacterial disease Melioidosis
‘Future’ EID events and climate
Wildlife encroachment
Bats !!Kangaroos ??Migratory birds !!Feral Pigs ??
Adaptation to Disease Risk
Understanding HPEI
Awareness of climate impact
Surveillance and monitoring BOM !!Sentinel animals !!Mosquito traps !!Horse environment !!
Breaking the connection
Strategic environmental measures
Strategic host management measures
Aim to favour the HORSE !!!
Adaptation to Disease Risk
Understanding HPEI
Awareness of climate impact
Surveillance and monitoring
Breaking the connection
Strategic environmental measures
Strategic host management measures
Aim to favour the HORSE !!!
Adaptation to Disease Risk
Understanding HPEI
Awareness of climate impact
Surveillance and monitoring
Breaking the connection
Strategic environmental measures
Strategic host management measures
Aim to favour the HORSE !!!
Questions ??