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History of SurgeryHistory of Surgery
An enlightening storyAn enlightening story
History of SurgeryHistory of Surgery
History :History : To know genesis & evolution of life, To know genesis & evolution of life,
society and human behaviorsociety and human behavior History History → progressive path to future→ progressive path to future To appreciate the commanding work To appreciate the commanding work
done by our forefathers and enthuse done by our forefathers and enthuse us to achieve higher goals in us to achieve higher goals in pursuance of excellencepursuance of excellence
Ancient HistoryAncient History
Earliest known – Trepanation Earliest known – Trepanation (trephining) Kiev – Ukraine – 7300 – (trephining) Kiev – Ukraine – 7300 – 6220 B.C6220 B.C
Ancient Egyptian pyramids – Ancient Egyptian pyramids – discovery of brain surgerydiscovery of brain surgery
Edwin Smith Papyrus – 1600 B.CEdwin Smith Papyrus – 1600 B.C
Susrutha – 400 B.C – Father of Susrutha – 400 B.C – Father of surgery Susrutha samhithasurgery Susrutha samhitha
Ancient Greek – Hippocrates & GalenAncient Greek – Hippocrates & Galen
Medieval SurgeryMedieval Surgery
Decline of surgery in the west by 13Decline of surgery in the west by 13thth centurycentury
Physicians higher statusPhysicians higher status
Barbers & monks – self qualified surgeonsBarbers & monks – self qualified surgeons
Medieval SurgeryMedieval Surgery
Rogerius Salernitanus -1180 A.D – Rogerius Salernitanus -1180 A.D – ChirurgiaeChirurgiae
Surgical therapy – amputations , Surgical therapy – amputations , drainage of abscess,scarification, drainage of abscess,scarification, leeching etcleeching etc
Ambroise Pare`Ambroise Pare`
John HunterJohn Hunter
Birth of modern surgeryBirth of modern surgery
Louis Pasteur > Germ theoryLouis Pasteur > Germ theory
Ignaz Semmelweis > Washing hands Ignaz Semmelweis > Washing hands → → ↓Puerperal sepsis↓Puerperal sepsis
Joseph Lister > Sterile surgeryJoseph Lister > Sterile surgery Principles of practice of surgery(March 16, Principles of practice of surgery(March 16,
1867) . “Father of modern antisepsis”1867) . “Father of modern antisepsis”
Birth of modern surgeryBirth of modern surgery
King Edward VII – “ I know that if it King Edward VII – “ I know that if it had not been for you and your work, I had not been for you and your work, I would not have been sitting here would not have been sitting here today”today”
T.G.Morton – Boston dentist -1846 T.G.Morton – Boston dentist -1846 >Anaesthesia>Anaesthesia
Modern SurgeryModern Surgery William Stewart Halsted(1852 – 1922)William Stewart Halsted(1852 – 1922)
1.sterile rubber gloves 1.sterile rubber gloves
2. new surgery, based on anatomic, 2. new surgery, based on anatomic, pathologic, and physiologic principles pathologic, and physiologic principles and employing animal and employing animal experimentation.experimentation.
William Stewart Halsted(1852 – 1922)William Stewart Halsted(1852 – 1922)
3. Modern operating theater.3. Modern operating theater.
4. Residency scheme of training 4. Residency scheme of training surgeonssurgeons
Theodore Billroth (1881)– gastrectomyTheodore Billroth (1881)– gastrectomy
Langenbuch (1882) – cholecystectomyLangenbuch (1882) – cholecystectomy
Synmonds (1883) - AppendicectomySynmonds (1883) - Appendicectomy
Modern SurgeryModern Surgery
4 major advancements in related 4 major advancements in related disciplines helped the advancement of disciplines helped the advancement of surgery are:surgery are:
1. Knowledge of Anatomy1. Knowledge of Anatomy
2. Discovery of Anaesthesia2. Discovery of Anaesthesia
3. Intraoperative haemostasis3. Intraoperative haemostasis
4. Concepts of asepsis 4. Concepts of asepsis
Modern SurgeryModern Surgery
2020thth century surgery land marks century surgery land marks Improved understanding of shockImproved understanding of shock
Knowledge of blood group & blood Knowledge of blood group & blood transfusion techniquestransfusion techniques
Understanding of blood clottingUnderstanding of blood clotting
Development of antibiotics & Development of antibiotics & analgesicsanalgesics
Modern SurgeryModern Surgery
Electrically powered surgical Electrically powered surgical instruments, surgical stapling instruments, surgical stapling instruments, surgical glues, tapes etc.instruments, surgical glues, tapes etc.
Xrays &scansXrays &scans
Cryogenic super cooled probesCryogenic super cooled probes
Ultrasonic devices, Medical LasersUltrasonic devices, Medical Lasers
Heart lung machines, hypothermia, Heart lung machines, hypothermia, transplantation of organstransplantation of organs
Modern SurgeryModern Surgery
Orthopaedics – cementing Orthopaedics – cementing substances, bone & joint replcementssubstances, bone & joint replcements
MicrosurgeryMicrosurgery
Minimally invasive surgeryMinimally invasive surgery
Vascular imaging, AngioplastyVascular imaging, Angioplasty
Surgical disordersSurgical disorders
TraumaTrauma Anatomical abnormalitiesAnatomical abnormalities Disorders of functionDisorders of function InflammationInflammation Ischaemia & infarctionIschaemia & infarction Metabolic disordersMetabolic disorders NeoplasiaNeoplasia Cysts, hyperplasia, hypertrophyCysts, hyperplasia, hypertrophy
According to 1996 data, US – National According to 1996 data, US – National centre for Health Statistics –40.3 centre for Health Statistics –40.3 million I.P surgeries &31.5 million million I.P surgeries &31.5 million O.P.surgeriesO.P.surgeries