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Looking At Earth• Geography—study of Earth and its people• Continents—Earth is divided into seven large

landmasses:• Asia, Africa, North America, South America,

Antarctica, Europe, AustraliaScientists believe continents lie on large, moving plates

• plate movements form mountains and volcanoes, cause earthquakes

• Landform—naturally formed feature on Earth’s surface

• Landforms includes islands, mountains, plateaus, plains (NOT oceans)

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How Environment Affects People• Your environment and climate have a big

effect on the way you live• Weather—temperature, conditions at a

particular (specific) place and time• Climate—weather conditions in a place over a

long period of time– Climate influences where people live, what they

wear, and what crops they grow

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Quiz on Chapter 1 Lesson 1

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The Geographer’s Tools 1• Geographers use Globes and Maps to represent the

Earth• Globes show the Earth’s true shapes, locations, relative

sizes• Globes show how continents and oceans appear on

Earth’s curved surface• Maps are a flat representation of Earth, they are

distorted and not as accurate as a globe• Title – tells the subject of the map• Compass Rose – shows direction

(north/south/east/west)• Legend (Key) – lists and explains the symbols and colors

on the map19 8

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The Geographers Tools 2

• Geographers divide the globe into equal halves called hemispheres– The equator divides the globe into north and

south halves– The prime meridian divides the globe into east

and west halves

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Different Maps for Different Purposes• Political Maps

– Political maps show features that people created– For example: cities, territories, provinces; state and

county boundaries• Physical Maps

– Physical maps show landforms and bodies of water– They show what Earth’s surface might look like from

space• Thematic Maps

– Thematic maps have certain information about a place or region

– For example: they can show information such as vegetation, population density, crops and climate

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Chapter 1 Lesson 2 Quiz

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Finding Clues to the Past• Archaeologists are scientists who learn about

early people, they study traces of early settlements and prehistoric people

• artifacts—human-made objects• Anthropologists study culture. They study

beliefs, common language and shared ways of doing things

• culture—way of life of a group of people• fossils—remains of early life preserved in the

groundo fossils include pieces of teeth, skulls and

other bones12

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The Search for Early Humans

• hominids—human, humanlike creatures that walk on two feet

• Most archaeologists believe humans began in East Africa (including the Leakeys)

• American Donald Johanson found Lucy in 1974– Lucy is a mostly complete hominid skeleton

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Chapter 1 Lesson 3 Quiz

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The Historian’s Tools• Primary source—something created by a person who

witnessed the event– For example: letters, diaries, eyewitness articles, videos,

speeches, artifacts• Secondary source—created after an event by person who

didn’t witness it– For example: books, paintings and media reports based on

primary sources– One advantage (positive) is they can provide a more balanced

view of the event• Oral history—unwritten verbal accounts of events, Some

cultures have no written records– For example: stories, customs, songs, histories and traditions– Oral histories are passed from generation to generation 15

Chapter 1 Lesson 4 Quiz

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Early Humans’ Way of Life• Early humans were hunter-gatherers

– They hunted animals & gathered wild plants for food– They moved to a new location when food ran out– Men hunted and fished– ·Women gathered nuts, berries; cared for children

• Hunter-gatherers were Nomadic (nomads)• Hunter-gatherers were nomads (noun)—people who

moved from place to place– Moved to new, distant lands while following animals to

hunt, and they moved following seasonal plants• Migration (verb)—moving from one place to settle in

another17

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The Development of Tools• Technology—all the ways people apply

knowledge– For example: Tools and inventions

• Stone tools for cutting were made at least 2 million years ago – the first thing invented was a tool– Fire is not an invention!!!

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Early Human Culture

• The main elements of prehistoric culture were:– Language– Religion– art

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Chapter 2 Lesson 1 Quiz

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The Beginnings of Agriculture• Domesticated – to raise and tend animals or

plants to be of use to humans. NOT WILD• agriculture—planting seeds for crops• ·Agricultural revolution—the shift from food

gathering to food raising• ·Slash-and-burn agriculture – cut and burn

down trees and brush to clear land for crops– when soil became poor after a few years, people

moved

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Farming• River valleys had fertile soil that brought

bigger and better crops.• Because river valleys were so fertile early

farming began in these areas.• irrigation—watering of crops

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Chapter 2 Lesson 2 Quiz

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Villages Around the World• Farmers sometimes produced a surplus—more than

needed to survive• Improved agricultural techniques brought surpluses in

food• Surpluses in good seasons helped villages survive bad

seasons• Surpluses let some people specialize in jobs other than

raising food• Specialization—skill in one kind of work

– For Example: Potters and weavers

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Simple Villages Grow More Complex

• social classes – groups of people with similar customs, background, training and income– For Example : farmers, craftspeople, priests and

rulers

• early governments were formed as a way of creating order and providing leadership– They made laws to make communities safer and

more stable

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Chapter 2 Lesson 3 Quiz

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