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Chapter One
Natives of Asian descent traveled here during the Ice Age over the land bridge between Asia and North America
Roughly 15,000 to 40,000 years ago
Some historians believed they traveled via boat through the Bering Sea (near the Arctic Ocean)
An estimated 8 to 10 million came to North America via the Bering Strait
THE BERING STRAIT
Built roads, trade networks, and irrigation systems
Geologic and climate changes killed off large game (mammoths) and forced Indians to grow crops and hunt smaller game
North American Indians lacked literacy, wheeled vehicles, metal tools, and scientific knowledge
Significant agricultural centers at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico and Cahokia, Illinois
They died off by the time the Europeans arrived in N.A.
The Anasazi Indians were the largest tribe in the NorthwestOther significant tribes were the Hoh, Maka, and
Quiluete
NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS
Adena-Hopewell
Largest civilization in the Eastern part of the United States
(along the Mississippi River Valley)
Known as the Mound Builders
Series of semi-circular mound built around 3500 near present-day
Poverty Point
This was a center of trade along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers
NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS
GRAVE CREEK MOUND (WV)
IroquoisNatives of the Eastern United States woodlands (Great Lakes area)Had a powerful and specific languageDiets of corn, squash, beans (also fished and hunted)
Iroquois ConfederacyFrequently warred with other tribes and formed loose alliances with other tribes
This was an important component of the “wilderness promotes democracy” theory by Frederick Jackson Turner in the late 1800s“The history of America went from savagery to industry”This confederacy was a prime example of the beginning of this phenomenon
THE IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY
South American Indian societies were grander in scale than their North American counterparts
S.A. Indians were literate, had scientific knowledge, and knew how to navigate long-distance
The Mayan civilization was the largest (near present-day Mexico City)
The Aztec civilization was prominent in Central AmericaHad an advanced calendar system and was notable for
their penchant for human sacrifice and cannibalism
Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521 after one failed attempt and a small pox epidemic
SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS
AZTEC CALENDAR
An Animistic Religion
Blending of the natural and supernatural
Spirits inhabited various inanimate objects, animals, ceremonies related to farming, the four seasons, and hunting
Land was communal and tied closely with religious worship
INDIAN RELIGION AND CULTURE
Indian CultureMen were primarily responsible for hunting, fishing, and protection
Men typically lived with the wife’s family after marriage
Strong matrilineal connectionsWomen had the right to divorce menIroquois women served in politics as clan leaders
Women in the Eastern U.S. tended to crops and children primarilyThey also were gatherers, cooked meals, and sometimes
built homes
INDIAN RELIGION AND CULTURE
Generally thought Indians lacked genuine religion; seen as savages
Thought Indians were not “using” all of their land and did not have property claims
In the European view: No property deed, no right to land
Viewed Indian men as savages who were mentally and spiritually weakOften seen as abusers who mistreated Indian women
Europeans believed the idea of freedom was alien to Indian society
Ironically, the Europeans believed the Indians were “too free” because they did not have laws that conformed with European society
EUROPEAN VIEWS OF INDIANS
European ideals of freedom were based on:Personal IndependenceOwnership of private propertyPeople governed under a set of laws
Fusion of religion and politicsObedience to Christ meant freedom from sin (religious views)Obedience to laws mean freedom in the European political/social mentalityWomen had little to no rights and had to be obedient to their husbands
Freedom was a function of social classFor the masses: Limited freedom and “obedience” was the cost of a well-ordered societyFor the rich: “Masterless men” enjoyed liberties that the majority did not
EUROPEAN IDEALS OF FREEDOM
The Portuguese began exploration before 1492
Prince Henry the Navigator established an exploration school in 1420Had new technology such as the caravel, compass, cannons,
and quadrant.
The goal: make travel along the African coast as efficient as possible
Objectives: Explore the African coastline to find a better route to the
IndiesMake cash from trading in the Indies
PORTUGUESE EXPANSION
“New Monarchs” Movement
Portugal, Spain, England, and France fell into this movement that stressed economic gain through exploration over constant warfare
Additionally the notion of “God and Country” began tied with this movement
Results:
The Portuguese establish trading posts along the west coast of Africa
They begin colonizing the African Islands on the Atlantic
Establish sugar plantations and begin the Atlantic Slave Trade
PORTUGUESE EXPANSION
Slavery in AfricaSlavery existed as a form of labor in Africa before Europeans became interestedWarfare was common due to influence from the Islamic empires
(The rise and fall of Mali, Ghana, and Dahomey)Wealthy war lords would take POWs as slaves and sell them
European InterestPortugal was the first European nation to establish a trading empire in Africa
They traded textiles and guns for African slavesRoughly 1000 slaves per year were traded along the Middle Passage initially
(Route from Europe to West Africa, to North America)By 1800, 5 ½ million adults and 11 million children were transported as slavesEuropeans saw slavery as a great economic boon
They did not notice the social impact that slavery had in Africa As a result, they transplanted the ‘economic mentality’ of slavery to the
rest of Europe
ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
Essentially, Spain got jealous of Portugal’s economic boom and had to get involved
Spain had recently gotten over the Spanish Reconquista (pushed the Moors out of Spain) and wanted desperately to become a big economic power
The Spanish Reconquista was the only successful crusade
The goal of the Reconquista was to purge Spain of Islamic factionsBasically, they ordered all Muslims to convert to Catholicism
or get out
By the end of the 1400s, Spain was sending numerous explorers to find a way to the Indies
SPANISH EXPANSION
Christopher ColumbusBelieved that it was possible to reach the Indies by sailing west from Europe
Did not buy into the theory that the world was
flatPersuaded Queen Isabella of Spain to fund his journeysLanded in Hispaniola in 1942; began colonizing a year laterAfter four trips, he refused to believe he did not reach China
However, he found a new world full of gold and
silverHe died in disgrace and poverty
Ironically, he made Spain very rich
NOTABLE EXPLORERS
Amerigo VespucciSailed along the coast of South America around 1500He received the credit for discovering the New World
Essentially took Columbus’s claim
Vasco da GamaActually found a passage to the IndiesSailed around the southern tip of Africa
Cape of Good HopeHis claim was largely ignored because Europe was too busy staking a claim in the New World
NOTABLE EXPLORERS
Amerigo Vespucci Vasco da Gama
Spanish used a system called the “Encomienda system” for receiving land grants and commission cuts on all the Indian villages that were sacked
Basically, the Spanish crown granted a person a partial of land and a
number of natives that they would “look after” and use as labor
The Catholic Church was very influential in this system
Power flowed from the King to the Council of the Indies to Viceroys to local officials (overall, it was an effective chain of command)
Gold and silver mining was the primary economic source in Spanish America
SPANISH COLONIZATION
MercantilismThe economic theory Spain used in Spanish AmericaBasically, the prosperity of a nation is based upon its supply of capital (gold, silver, trade value) and the global volume of international trade is static
Positive balance of trade with other nations is expected at all times
Encourage exports and discourage imports (using tariffs andsubsidies)
The Royal FifthA tax used by the King of Spain in Spanish AmericaThe King received 1/5 profit on all taxable goods produced in Spanish America
This helped him pay for the frequent and prolonged wars Spain got involved with
SPANISH COLONIZATION
Spain and Portugal were both Catholic countries involved in explorationThe Catholic Church played a large role in the administration of the coloniesAppealing to a higher power made conquest look legitimate
A conflict arose over the two countries’ claims in South AmericaThe Catholic Church stepped in and set a line of demarcation
Portugal took everything east of the lineSpain took everything west of the line
Both countries agreed to Christianize the native ‘savages’ after the treaty was signed
Spain goes a step further and calls for all “inferiors” to convert to Christianity
Results:Native Americans put an animistic twist on ChristianityAlong with the transfer of religion, small pox and other diseases were transferred to the natives
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS (1494)
France got interested in exploration because of Spain and Portugal’s wealth
The French did not honor treaties with the Catholic nations
France was an odd case religiouslyStructurally Catholic, but a large portion of the population
wasProtestant
Martin Luther’s 95 theses (Halloween 1517) and Calvin’s theory of predestination fueled the conflict between Protestants and Catholics
Exploration Goals:The French wanted to find gold and a Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean
FRENCH COLONIZATION
Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608Helped establish an empire from the
St.Lawrence River to the Great Lakes
anddown the Mississippi River
The French adopted a humane policy toward the Indians
All they wanted was tradeHowever, they brought disease and
depleted animals for the fur trade
The first French colonists were the Huguenots (a Protestant variation)
All of their settlements failed due tofamine, native attacks, or Spanish
invasions
Overall, initial French colonization efforts were weak
FRENCH COLONIZATION
England became interested in exploration because of Spain and Portugal’s wealth
Religiously, England was thoroughly Protestant because of Henry VIII’s marriage issues and his daughter, Elizabeth I’s push for Protestantism
Elizabeth executed her Catholic cousin, Mary Queen of Scots
for numerous assassination attempts
This upset King Phillip II of Spain and he sent the Spanish navy to invade Britain in 1588
ENGLISH COLONIZATION
COMPARISONS
Traditional Henry VIII Post-Modern Henry VIII
The English “Sea Dogs” (pirates) and the navy easily defeated the illustrious Spanish Armada on a very foggy day
The British knew the English Channel
much better than the Spanish
The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave the English a valid claim to the New World
English pirates like Sir Francis Drake discovered San Francisco
Sir Walter Raleigh founded theRoanoke Colony in North Carolinawhich later mysteriously
disappeared
In 1600, there were no English settlements in the New World
ENGLISH COLONIZATION
The 5 G’s
Gold, God, Glory, Greed, Gold (in that order)
Essentially sums up what all European nations were after
Claims of abundant gold and silver drove warriors, sailors, and other ambitious men to seek glory while serving the Church
A true win-win situation for God and Country
National glory and religious mission went hand in hand
Native Americans really did not buy into this
However, Europeans believed souls that could be saved could make a great labor force
WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?