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THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Chapter 28
Introduction
Threats to the balance of power A conflict among nations, peoples, and
ideals The new methods of warfare The Holocaust and the atomic bomb
From Isolation to Intervention
Following WWI, successive U.S. administrations backed away from intervention in foreign countries
Foreign Crises
Russia Lenin 1918 Stalin 1924
Italy and Germany Benito Mussolini became leader of Italy in 1922 Adolph Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933
Lenin and Stalin
The Soviet Union under Stalin
Stalin succeeded to power after Lenin died in 1924
Collectivization Local party and police officials forced
peasants to join collective farms Peasant resistance: sixteen hundred large-
scale rebellions between 1929 and 1933
The Soviet Union under Stalin
Collectivization The famine (1932–1933)
The human cost was 3–5 million lives The Bolsheviks retained grain reserves
Grain reserves sold overseas for currency Stockpiled in the event of war
The Soviet Union under Stalin
The Five-Year Plans The human cost
Large-scale projects carried out with prison labor
The Gulag system By 1940, 3.6 million people were incarcerated by
the regime (7.1 Million people incarcerated in the U.S. in 2008)
The Soviet Union under Stalin
The Great Terror (1937–1938) One million dead—1.5 million to the Gulag The elimination of Stalin’s enemies, real or
imagined Purged the old Bolsheviks
Stalin wanted to eliminate any disagreement with his personal views about Communism
Staged show trials
The Emergence of Fascism in Italy
In the aftermath of WWI A democracy in distress Seven hundred thousand dead, $15 billion
debt Territorial disputes
The Emergence of Fascism in Italy
The rise of Mussolini (1883–1945) The Fascist platform (1919): universal
suffrage, the eight-hour day, and tax on inheritance
Fascist support Gained respect of middle classes and
landowners Repressed radical movements of workers and
peasants Attacked socialists Fifty thousand fascist militia marched on Rome
on October 28, 1922
Mussolini at the march on Rome
The Emergence of Fascism in Italy
Italy under Mussolini Repression and censorship
Liberals and socialists considered enemies of the state
Granted independence to papal residence in the Vatican City
Roman Catholicism established as the state religion
Weimar Germany
November 9, 1918: Revolution Bloodless overthrow of the imperial
government of Kaiser Wilhelm Social Democratic Party (SPD) announced a
new German Republic The Kaiser abdicated
Social Democratic Partyleader, PhilipScheiderman, announcescreation of a German Republic on November 9, 1918
Weimar Germany
Problems Communists and independent socialists
staged armed uprisings in Berlin Social Democrats tried to crush the
uprisings The Freikorps
Former army officers fighting Bolsheviks, Poles, and communists
Fiercely right-wing anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic, and antiliberal
Weimar Germany
Problems Major changes introduced by unelected
Council of People’s Commissioners Introduced 8 hour workday, legalized labor
unions, required re-hiring of WWI veterans; farm labor reforms; social welfare; national health insurance.
Conservatives opposed these measures and Communists thought they did not go far enough
Elections not held until January 1919
Weimar Germany
Communists and independent socialists staged armed uprisings in Berlin during interim between Kaiser’s abdication and election
Social Democrats tried to crush the uprisings
The Freikorps Former army officers fighting Bolsheviks, Poles,
and communists Fiercely right-wing anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic,
and anti-liberal
Freikorps
Communists
Weimar Germany
The Weimar coalition Socialists, Catholic centrists, and
liberal democrats Parliamentary liberalism
Universal suffrage for men and women Bill of rights
Why Did the Weimar Republic Fail?
Social, political, and economic crisis The humiliation of World War I & conservative
propaganda Argument that Germany “stabbed in the back” by
socialists and Jews widely accepted among conservatives
Versailles and reparations $33 billion debt: impossible to repay
Parliamentary system and proportional representation gave too much power to minority parties by necessitating governing coalitions in a deeply fractured country.
Why did the Weimar Republic Fail?
The failure of Weimar Global Economic Depression further
weakened Weimar government U.S. stock market crash Unemployment Peasants staged mass demonstrations Government cut welfare benefits for veterans
Opponents seized economic setbacks to undermine Weimar government
By 1930, the two best organized opposition parties were the Communist Party and theNational Socialist German Worker’s (NAZI) Party
Hitler and the National Socialists Adolf Hitler (1889–1945)
Born in Austria, rejected by the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna in 1907 and 1908.
Supported by orphan’s benefits and his mother. After her death, Hitler lived in a homeless shelter in 1909 and later in a hostel for poor laborers. Apparently adopted Anti-Semitism,
anti-Marxism, and pan-Slavism while in Vienna.
Hitler moved to Munich in 1913. Viewed the outbreak of World War I as
his liberation
Hitler and the National Socialists
Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) After the war, Hitler joined the
German Workers’ Party Refused to accept the November (1918)
Resolution ending WWI 1920: German Workers Party
reorganized into National Socialist Workers’ Party (Nazi)
Hitler and the National Socialists
November 1923: Munich (Beer Hall) putsch Along with other Nazi’s Hitler attempted a coup
d’etat Hitler imprisoned and Dictated Mein Kampf
while in prison Portrayed himself as the savior of the German
people Weimar elections
1924: Nazis polled 6.6 percent of the vote
Beer Hall Putsch Defendants
Proportional Representation and the Parliamentary System
Parliamentary System: Political parties offer a slate of candidates
Voters elect a party not individual candidates Many parties may participate in parliamentary
elections Each party receives seats in parliament equal to
the proportional number of votes it received in the election
If no one party gets 51% or more, the party with the most seats has an opportunity to form a coalition with other parties. The leader of the party with the most votes is usually the Prime Minister
Parliamentary system differs from U.S. system where voters elect a candidate
How did Hitler come to power?
1930 election Nazis won 107 of 577 seats in the Reichstag No party gained a majority Conservative Party attempted for form a
coalition government with the Nazis who refused to support a coalition government unless Hitler was Chancellor (Prime Minister)
Nazi refusal to join the coalition caused the failure of the conservative coalition government requiring new elections
Street battles between Nazis and Communists
How did Hitler come to power?
July 1932 elections Nazi party became the largest party in the
Reichstag (Parliament) but did not have a majority
Two largest parties were Hindenburg’s Conservative party and Nazi party Nazi party refused to join any coalition unless Hitler
was made Chancellor Conservatives refused to name Hitler Chancellor Stalemate resulted in caretaker government Street battles continue between Communists and Nazis Government paralyzed and cannot perform basic
functions Economic situation worsens
How did Hitler come to power? November 1932 elections
Nazi Party lost significant seats but still the largest party
Communist Party and National Conservative German National Party increased seats significantly
Hindenberg finally agreed form a government with Hitler as Chancellor Nazis appointed to major posts in the
government
How did Nazis Consolidate Power?
Hitler as chancellor January 1933: Hindenburg appointed Hitler
chancellor February 27, 1933: Reichstag set on fire by
Dutch anarchist Hitler suspended civil rights
March 5, 1933: New elections Hitler granted unlimited power for four years Hitler proclaimed the Third Reich
Hitler and Hindenberg January 1933. Hindenberg believed that Hitler could be Controlled by Conservatives
The Reichstag Fire,27 February, 1933.
How did Nazis consolidate power?
Nazi Germany A one-party state
Hitler’s first acts sharply limited freedom of the press and enabled the cabinet to issue decrees without the consent or approval of the Reichstag.
Reichstag Fire Decree suspended all civil liberties guaranteed by the German constitution.
Widespread arrests of known or suspected opponents of the Nazi party—mainly outspoken liberals and Communists.
Opposition tactics Storm troopers (SA)—used to maintain party discipline June 30, 1934: Night of the Long Knives purged SA not
believed to be loyal to Hitler personally.
Hitler and the National Socialists
Nazi Germany Support
Played off fears of communism Spoke a language of national pride Hitler as the symbol of a strong, revitalized
Germany (the Führer cult) The recovery of German national glory
Nazis and German Racism
Nazi racism Nazi racism inherited from nineteenth-century
social Darwinism Nations and people struggle for survival Superior peoples strengthen themselves through
struggle Anti-Semitism
Joined by nationalist anti-Jewish theory: The Jew as outsider to the German nation
An “international Jewish conspiracy” based in part on Protocols of the Elders of Zion – a conspiracy theory claiming that International Jewish leaders were intent on taking over the world.
Protocols of the Elders of Zion thought to be created in 1903 by the Tsar’s Security police.
Nazi Racism
Nazi racism April 1933: New racial laws excluded Jews
from public office 1935 Nuremberg Decrees
Deprived Jews of citizenship (determined by bloodline)
November 1938: Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
Still Image from Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935),
a Film about a Nazi Party Rally in Nuremberg, Germany, 1934
Nazi Boycott of Jewish Shops in Berlin, 1933
Hitler and the National Socialists
National socialism and fascism Both arose in the interwar period as
responses to war and revolution Intensely nationalistic Opposed parliamentary government and
democracy
The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”
An atmosphere of fear and apprehension Aggression as a challenge to civilization Avoiding another war
The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”
Appeasement Assumptions in Europe and the U.S.
The outbreak of another world war was unthinkable Fascist states were a bulwark against Soviet communism
Ends—how to maintain Europe’s balance of power? Soviets the greater threat, so accommodate Hitler
U.S. Isolationism Nye Committee 1934-1936
Formed in the U.S. Senate to investigate the Munitions industry profits from WWI
Headed by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota (R) Questioned U.S. entered WWI because the munitions industry profited
by selling arms to both sides Claimed that bankers pressured Woodrow Wilson to enter WWI to
preserve their loans
The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”
The League of Nations Japanese invasion of China turned into an
invasion of the whole country The Rape of Nanjing (1937) The League expressed shock but did nothing
Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in 1935 Avenging the defeat of 1896 League imposed sanctions on Italy but without
enforcement
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) A weak republican government could not
overcome opposition Extreme right-wing military officers rebelled Francisco Franco (r. 1936–1975) Hitler and Mussolini sent in troops and
tested new weapons; war was a dress rehearsal Saw the war as a test of the West’s
determination to resist fascism
The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”
The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) The Soviets sided with the troops fighting
for the Spanish Republic Britain and France failed to act decisively,
America stayed out of the dispute April 1937: The destruction of Guernica Hitler’s lessons
Britain, France, and the Soviet Union would have a hard time containing fascism
Britain and France would do anything to avoid another war
The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”
German rearmament and the politics of appeasement The unification of all ethnic Germans Reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936 The annexation of Austria (1938) Hitler declared his intention to occupy the
Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) Neville Chamberlain
Believed Germany could not commit to a sustained war
The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”
German rearmament and the politics of appeasement Munich: September 29, 1938
Daladier (France), Chamberlain, Mussolini, and Hitler met (Soviet Union excluded)
France and Britain agree to German expansion into Czechoslovakia
Chamberlain proclaimed “peace in our time” March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia Persuaded public of the futility of appeasement What is appeasement?
The 1930s – The “Dishonest Decade”
German rearmament and the politics of appeasement Stalin’s response
Feared the West might strike a deal with Hitler August 1939: the Nazi-Soviet (Hitler-Stalin) pact
of nonaggression Stalin promised a share of Poland, Finland, and the
Baltic States
The Outbreak of Hostilities and the Fall of France
Poland The Blitzkrieg (lightning war) Soviet troops invaded from the East Poland fell in four weeks
Statements and treaties which outlaw war are ineffectual to stop war
Appeasement = trading land for commitments to “Peace”
Isolationism Hitler believed that Britain, France and the U.S.
lacked the moral will to fight Stalin believed that Britain, France and the U.S.
were unwilling to fight and could not be counted upon should the USSR be attacked by Germany
What Were the Lessons from the Dishonest Decade?
The Outbreak of Hostilities and the Fall of France
Scandinavia—Germans took Denmark in one day (spring 1940)
The fall of France French army overwhelmed by the German
advance French army poorly organized
The Outbreak of Hostilities and the Fall of France
The fall of France Mid-June 1940: the Germans reached Paris June 20, 1940: French surrendered
Germans occupied northern France Southern France fell under the Vichy regime,
headed by Marshall Pétain The Free French movement
The Battle of Britain & the Beginnings of a Global War
The Battle of Britain (July 1940–June 1941) Forty thousand civilians dead Stalemate in the air British resistance
London during the Battle of Britain
Foreign Crises
Degrees of Neutrality Neutrality Acts prevented the U.S. from shipping
key materials to aggressor nations
Degrees of Neutrality
Selective Service Act of 1940 First peace-time conscription in U.S. history. Drafted men between 18 & 45
for one year FDR’s request that term of service be extended beyond 1 year passed the
House of Representatives by 1 vote on August 12, 1941 Lend-Lease Program
March 11, 1941 U.S. sent armaments to Great Britain, Free France, China and the USSR in
return for leases on military bases around the world Public Opinion
February 1941: Gallup 54% of Americans favored Lend-Lease without qualifications 22% (primarily among Republicans)opposed to any aid
Senate Vote: 49 Democrats and 10 Republicans voted in favor; 13 Democrats and 17 Republicans voted against
House vote: Democrats 238 to 25 in favor; Republicans 135 against, 24 in favor
Mothers urge defeat of the Lend-Lease program, kneel in prayer in front of the Capitol
FDR signs Selective Service Act into Law
The Storm in the Pacific
Japanese Aggression As Japan’s invasion of China became bogged down, Japan was
forced to look to other Pacific Islands for natural resources As Japan became more aggressive, FDR limited exports of
American goods to Japan Oil, scrap, and iron shipments prohibited Japan decided to eliminate U.S. Pacific fleet
The Attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941
19 American ships sunk or disabled 2,400 people killed; 1700 wounded FDR asked for a declaration of war against Japan on December 8 Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. on December 11
Doolittle Raid
April 18, 1942 Joint action by the Army and Navy to
retaliate against Japan by bombing Japanese industrial centers on Japanese home islands
Primary purpose: boost morale at home and hurt Japanese morale
Photos by Doolittle Raiders: http://www.doolittleraider.com/raid_photos.htm
Early U.S. Losses in the Pacific Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong and Manila
fell to Japanese in early 1942 Bataan Death March: April 8, 1942
Forcible transfer of 60,000- 80,000 American and Philipino POW’s following the 3 month battle of Bataan Peninsula
80 mile march Japanese atrocities Racism? General Homma tried and executed for war
crimes in 1946
American public did not learn about the “Death March” until January 1944
Battles of Coral Sea and Midway
Coral Sea—May 4-8, 1942 Americans took more damage than Japanese Repulsed Japanese threat to Australia
Midway—June 4-7, 1942 U.S. had broken the Japanese code
Knew attack coming but not exactly where Confirmed location by sending a false message
3 of 6 Japanese aircraft carriers that attacked Pearl Harbor destroyed at Midway
Cumulative effect of these two battles was turning point in Pacific theatre
Japanese carrier destroyed in Battle of Coral Sea
Photo by Kiyoshi Oniwa: Sinking of Hiryu
Mobilization at Home
Economic Controls Congress authorized office of Price Administration in 1942 to set
wages and prices War Production Board Allowed for central control of industry from peacetime production
to war production Congress forced FDR to sell war bonds to finance the war Did not raise taxes
Domestic Conservatism FDR won election of 1940 Midterm elections of 1942: Republicans regained many seats in
Congress and attempted to abolish most New Deal Programs
Franklin D. Roosevelt E.C. 449 Popular: 27,243,218 Wendell Willkie E.C. 82 Popular: 22,334,940
African American Soldiers in WWII Segregated units Separate accommodations Job opportunities Tuskegee Airmen Red Ball Express: African Americans
drove 500,000 TONS of supplies to 1st and 3rd Armies’ advance through France
D-Day 1,700 African Americans in units in 1st Army at Omaha and Utah beaches
Double V Campaign
Victory at Home and Victory Abroad Attitudes of white servicemen who saw
the courage of African American servicemen
Latinos Southern farmers recruit Mexican workers
for harvest time Zoot Suit Riots: series of riots in Los
Angeles in 1943 between white U.S. servicemen stationed in California and Latino youths
Native Americans
Supported war effort 1/3 of all eligible Native Americans served Code Talkers
Japanese-American Internment 1942: 110,000 Japanese Americans
Name State Opened Max. Pop'n
Manzanar California March 1942 10,046
Tule Lake California May 1942 18,789
Poston Arizona May 1942 17,814
Gila River Arizona July 1942 13,348
Granada Colorado August 1942 7,318
Heart Mountain Wyoming August 1942 10,767
Minidoka Idaho August 1942 9,397
Topaz Utah September 1942 8,130
Rohwer Arkansas September 1942 8,475
Jerome Arkansas October 1942 8,497