The Modern TemperChapter 25

The Reactionary Twenties

Nativism Over half of the white men and a third of white women working

in industry were immigrants. Socialism and Anarchism were popular in Eastern Europe as a

reaction to autocratic governments and wide disparities in wealth.

Nativists viewed immigrants as potential anarchists and socialists

Demands for limits to immigration and laws limited number of immigrants per country per year.

Sacco and Vanzetti Self-described anarchists arrested in connection with a robbery

and murder of a pay master Stolen money never recovered Sacco and Vanzetti found guilty and executed

Franco and Vanzetti

The Reactionary Twenties

Immigration Restriction Chinese immigration limits vetoed by President Arthur but

Congress overturned his veto

The Klan Grew beyond the South

The Reactionary Twenties

Fundamentalism View that the Bible should be taken literally Scientific scholarship that contradicted literal fundamental

interpretation of the Bible should not be considered

Darwinism on Trial Scopes Trial in Tennessee Tennessee outlawed the teaching of evolution in schools (Butler

Act) Show trial Scopes a substitute teacher agree to be the defendant Clarence Darrow (Defense) William Jennings Bryan (Prosecution) Scopes found guilty but conviction overturned

Scopes Trial,Dayton Tennesse

Scopes Trial in Dayton: Most attendees were reporters: July 1925

Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan

The Reactionary Twenties

Prohibition Ratified in 1918 (18th Amendment)

Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

Prohibition

Consuming alcohol was not illegal

House: 282 to 128, Democrats voting 146 in favor and 64 in opposition; Republicans voting 137 in favor and 62 in opposition.

Ratified in 1919 by 46 states

Women’s Suffrage before 1920

  Full suffrage—green  Presidential suffrage-orange  Primary suffrage- blue  Municipal suffrage—yellow   School, bond, or tax suffrage—light blue  Municipal suffrage in some cities--maroon  Primary suffrage in some cities--pink  No suffrage—dark red

“Roaring Twenties”

The “New Negro”

Great Migration Occurred during WWI when white men were drafted for the war. African American men encouraged to move to the Midwest to

take jobs that soldiers had left Part of “Total War” Over 323,000 people moved North By 1930 615,00 more African Americans moved away from the

South

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement among African Americans

Centered in Harlem in New York City but also involved Caribbean-Africans and Africans in Paris

Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life published by the National Urban League

Harlem became a black neighborhood in New York in 1900

1910, a large block along 135th Street and Fifth Avenue was bought by various African-American realtors and a church group.

Three Plays for a Negro Theatre Ridgeley Torrence

Harlem Stride Style combined brass with piano Innovation and liveliness important characteristics in

the beginnings of jazz.

Racial pride: modern African American

Frankie “Half Pint” Jackson & band at the Sunset Café 1920

Harlem Renaissance

“New Negro” Intellect and production of literature, art, and music

could challenge racism to promote progressive or socialist politics, racial and social integration

Creation of art and literature would serve to "uplift" the race.

Marcus Garvey Langston Hughes

Harlem Renaissance

Garveyism: movement founded by Marcus Garvey:

Africans in the Diaspora should return to their African heritage

UNIA: Universal Negro Improvement Association Negro World newspaper used to promote UNIA

membership and ideas June 1919 (2 Million members of UNIA) Garvey emphasized his belief in the One God, the God

of Africa, who should be visualized through black eyes. He preached that black people needed to become

familiar with their ancient history and their rich cultural heritage.

He called for pride in the black race—for example; he made black dolls for black children.

"A race without authority and power is a race without respect."

National Journal of the NAACP

Mass Culture The Growing Consumer Culture promoted more homogenous

society new products, lower prices Mass communications: radios and movies

Airplanes, Automobiles, and the Economy 1927 Charles Lindbergh’s flight across the Atlantic proved the

feasibility of air travel. Post war “boom” affluence and Model T’s

Mass Culture Spectator Sports

Availability of mass transportation made spectator sports more popular

Baseball, football and prize fights

The Modernist Revolt

Science and Social Thought Albert Einstein announced theory of Relativity Awarded Nobel Prize in 1921 Birth of the Modern Physics movement

Modernist Art and Literature The Armory Show: traveling exhibit of modernist artists’ work Ezra Pound; T.S. Eliot; Gertrude Stein

Gertrude Stein, Pablo Picasso, 1906

The Modernist Revolt

The “Lost Generation” Generation of adults who came of age during WWI