Grammar bookBaldo Choppa

1. Present (-ar, -er, -ir) 2. Stem Changers 3. Irregular “yo” 4. Saber vs. Conocer 5. Reflexives 6. Se impersonal 7. Dipthongs with accents 8. ger/gir, uir/guir, and cer/cir 9. Hace___+Que+___ 10. Imperfecto 11.Preterite 12. Regular Conj. 13. Irregular Conj. 14.Compartives

15. Superlatives 16. Part 2 17. Imperfecto vs. Preterite 18. Future vs. Conditional 19. Por 20. Para 21. Por vs. Para 22. Commands 23. Present Perfect 24. Double Object Pronouns 25. Adverbs 26. Subjunctive 27. Se Impersonal 28. Progressive w/ ir, andar,

seguir

Table of Contents

All ar verbs change to O amos As ais A an

All er and ir verbs change to O emos/imos Es eis E en

Present( -ar, -er, -ir)

Some verbs have stem changes. The forms are

o:uee:iee:I

Examples are cerrar cierro cierras cierra Cerramos cerráis cierran The e changes to ie

Stem Changers

Some verbs have an irregular “yo” form.

Example would be tener to tengo and venir to vengo.

Another example is Hacer to Hago.

Irregular “yo”

To express knowledge or ignorance of a fact or information about something, use "saber.“

To say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object, use conocer.

Example: Juan sabe donde está María. Example: Yo no conozco a María.

Saber vs. Conocer

A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.

Example are lavarse and rascarse.

Examples in a sentence would be: Ella se lava.

Reflexives

Se means yourselves or themselves. It is used to show what an object is an in

inderect manor.

An example would be: Ellos se lavan. This sentence says that wash it.

“Se” Impersonal

Dipthongs are strong or weak vowels in a word next to each other.

Dipthongs with accents

ger/gir, uir/guir, and cer/cir

Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb.

Example would be : Hace un año que estudio español.

Hace___+Que+___

Imperfecto◦ To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the imperfect,

simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following: aba, abas, aba,ábamos, abais, and aban.

◦ To conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in the imperfect, simply drop the ending (-er or -ir) and add one of the following: ía, ías, ía, íamos,íais, and ían.

Imperfecto

Past tense Known beginning/ and or ending “ Snapshot “ of time. Trigger words

◦ Ayer◦ Anoche◦ Anteayer◦ La semana pasada…

Preterite

Regular Conj.

Car, Gar, Zar,◦ Only change in the you form car- qué, gar- gué,

and zar- cé Spock

◦ Ir and ser have the same conjugations, dar and ver have the same conjugation, and hacer is by itself.

Cucaracha◦ Andar -> Anduve

Snake/Snakey

Irregular Conj.

You can compare two objects in many ways. The ones that follow are comparisons of inequalities.◦ más (menos) + adjective + que

más (menos) + adverb + quemás (menos) + noun + que

The ones that follow are comparisons of equality.◦ Example- tan + adjective (adverb) + como◦ Example- tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como◦ Example- verb + tanto + como◦ Example- verb + tan + adjective (masculine form) + como

Comparatives

There are two types of superlative: relative and absolute. The absolute superlative does not describe the noun in the context of a larger group.◦ Example: definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective +

de. The following translations are somewhat arbitrary.

Each superlative statement is a little stronger than the one that precedes it.◦ Example: muy guapo- very handsome

sumamente guapo-extremely handsome Guapísimo- indescribably handsome

Superlatives

Part 2

Preterite◦ Past tense◦ Known beginning/ and or

ending◦ “ Snapshot “ of time.◦ Trigger words

Ayer Anoche Anteayer La semana pasada…

Imperfecto◦ To conjugate regular -ar

verbs in the imperfect, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following: aba, abas, aba,ábamos, abais, and aban.

◦ To conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in the imperfect, simply drop the ending (-er or -ir) and add one of the following: ía, ías, ía, íamos,íais, and ían.

Imperfecto vs. Preterite

Future is you will do something and conditional is you would do something.◦ Future ending –é, -ás, -á, -emos, -án◦ Conditional endings –ía, - ías, -ía, -íamos, -ían.

Example of the Future - El año que viene iré a España.

Example of the Conditional - Estaríamos ocupados cuando llamaste.

Future vs. Conditional

Means ( for ) Por is also used in idiomatic expressions Has 7 main uses

◦ Indicate motion or a general location ( around, though, along or by,)

◦ Duration of an action ( for, during, and in)◦ Expresses reason or motive of an action ( on an account

of, on behalf of, and because of)◦ Object of a search ( for and in search of)◦ By which something is done( by, by way of, and by

means of)◦ Exchange or substitution ( in exchange for)◦ Unit of measure ( per or by)

Por

Means ( for ) Has 7 main uses

◦ Expresses destination ( toward, or in the direction of )

◦ Indicates a deadline or a specific time in the future ( by or for)

◦ Purpose or goal + infinitive ( in order to)◦ Purpose + noun ( for, used for)◦ Recipient of something ( for)◦ Comparison with other or to give an opinion ( for,

or considering)◦ In the employ of ( for)

Para

Por◦ Indicate motion or a general

location ( around, though, along or by,)

◦ Duration of an action ( for, during, and in)

◦ Expresses reason or motive of an action ( on an account of, on behalf of, and because of)

◦ Object of a search ( for and in search of)

◦ By which something is done( by, by way of, and by means of)

◦ Exchange or substitution ( in exchange for)

◦ Unit of measure ( per or by)

Por vs. ParaPara

1. Expresses destination( toward, or in the direction of )2. Indicates a deadline or a specific time in the future ( by or for)3. Purpose or goal + infinitive ( in order to)4. Purpose + noun ( for, used for)5.Recipient of something ( for)6. Comparison with other or to give an opinion ( for, or considering)7. In the employ of ( for)

This form is often referred to as the Imperative.

There are the Formal and Informal Commands.◦ Informal- Doesn’t use usted or Ustedes

Ex: Escribe la tarea. Ex: Come la patata.

◦ Formal- Uses Usted or Ustedes Ex: Compre udsted el anillo. Ex: Haga udsted la tarea.

Commands

The present perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.

Because the present perfect is a compound tense, two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb.◦ Example: Han comido. (They have eaten.)◦ Example: La cuenta está pagada. (The bill is

paid.)

Present Prefect

In negative sentences, the negative word comes directly before the first pronoun.◦ No se lo tengo.

I don't have it for you. When you have both a direct object pronoun and an

indirect object pronoun in the same sentence, the indirect object pronoun comes first.◦ Ellos me los dan.

They give them to me.IO pronoun: meDO pronoun: los

Double Object Pronouns

Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending corresponds to -ly in English.◦Example: claramente or constantemente

Another way to form an adverb is to use the preposition con + the singular form of the noun.◦Example: con cuidado or con perfección

Adverbs

The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future).◦ Example: Usted va al Perú en diciembre.

Meaning: You are going to Peru in December.

Subjuncitve

Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.◦ Se vende fruta en la frutería.

When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person.◦ Aquí se hable español.

Se can be used in all tenses.◦ Se hizo mucho.◦ Se hará mucho.◦ Se había hecho.

Se Impersonal

The present progressive is formed by combining the verb "to be" with the present participle. ◦ Ir + {yendo/ando/iendo}

Means: slowly but surely____ing◦ Seguir + {ando/iendo/yendo}

Example: Sigeuiendo Means: going around_____ing

◦ Andar + {yendo/ando/iendo} Example: andando Means: Is still ____ing

Progressive w/ ir, andar, seguir