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Español 3 Grammar Book
Mateo YarbroughPeriod 3
Tema PaginaTitle Page 1
Table of Contents 2
Preterite Tense 3
Preterite Trigger Words 4
Car/ Gar/ Zar Verbs 5
Spock Verbs 6
Cucaracha Verbs 7
Snake/ Snakey Verbs 8
Imperfect Tense 9
Imperfect Trigger Words 10
Imperfect Irregulars 11
Preterite Vs. Imperfect 12
Ser vs. Estar 13-14
Verbs like Gustar 15
Comparatives and Superlatives
16
Transition Words 17
Future Tense 18
Trigger Words in the Future
19
Future Tense Irregulars 20
Table of ContentsTema PaginaPor 21
Para 22
Conditional Form and Irregulars
23
Perfect Tense: Present 24
Perfect Tense: Past 25
Perfect Tense: Future 26
Present Perfect Irregulars 27
Subjunctive Perfect 28
Tanto vs. Tan 29
Impersonal “se” 30
Saber vs. Conocer 31
Los Mandatos 32
Affirmative Commands 33
Negative Commands 34
Irregular Commands 35
DOP and IOP Placement 36
Nosotros Command: Mono 37
Table of Contents (Cont.)
Tema PaginaSubjunctive Tense 38
Irregulars 39
Impersonal Expressions 40
Expressions of Emotion 41
Conjugations of time 42
Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
43
Preterite Tense
EndingsAR Verbs Er Verbs
-é -í
-aste -iste
-ó -ió
-amos -imos
-aron -ieron
•Preterite is used for past actions that are seen as completed
Examples:•No hice las tareas por la tarde•Me acosté a las once•¿ A qué hora terminaste tus tareas?
Preterite
El día anterior (the day before)
Ayer (yesterday)
Anoche (last night
La semana pasada (last week)
El lunes pasado (last Monday)
Una vez (one time)
Preterite Trigger Words
These are the words which will tell you when to use the preterite rather than other tenses such as the present or imperfect tense.
Examples yo jugué (jugar) yo busqué (buscar) yo almorcé (almorzar)
Car/Gar/Zar Verbs
In the yo form, verbs that end in…
-car -gar -zar
Change to…
qué gué cé
-gar -car -zar
cegar aparcar almorzar
colgar buscar autorizar
jugar clarificar cazar
llegar clasificar comenzar
pagar destacar cruzar
Common Verbs
Spock Verbs
Ser/ Ir Dar Hacer Ver
Fui Di Hice Vi
Fuiste Diste Hiciste Viste
Fue Dio Hizo Vio
Fuimos Dimos Hicimos Vimos
Fuisteis Disteis Hicisteis Visteis
Fueron Dieron Hicieron Vistieron
Ir
VerDar
Ser
Hace
r
Spock Verbs!!!
Andar: Anduv- Estar: Estuv- Poner: Pus- Poder: Pud- Querer: Quis- Saber: Sup- Tener: Tuv- Venir: Vin- Decir: Dij- Traer: Traj- Conducir: Conduj-
Cucaracha Verbs
Verbs Ending in –uir change in 3rd person change to yó and yeron
All –ir stem changing verbs in the present tense change from e-i or o-u in the 3rd person
Endings
-é
-iste
-ó
-imos
-ieron
Other Irregulars
ir stem-changing verbs do change in the preterite (e:i and o:u third person singular and plural)
preferir dormir
preferí dormí
preferiste dormiste
prefirió durmió
preferimos dormimos
preferisteis dormisteis
prefirieron durmieron
Snake/Snakey Verbs
Examples:
yo -í nosotros, nosotras
-ímos *
tú -íste * vosotros, vosotras
-ísteis *
él, ella, Usted
-yó ellos, ellas, Ustedes
-yeron
• ER & IR verbs whose stems end in a vowel need a
strong Y to replace the I in 3rd person forms.
Leer- Leyó/ Leyeron
Examples:
Imperfect Tense
Ar Er/Ir
Aba Ia
Abas Ias
Aba Ia
Abamos Iamos
Abais Iais
aban ian
Conjugations
Use for actions that were in the past but not completed
Examples•Yo trabajaba en la oficina.•Ellos comían los tacos.•Tú dormías
These are the words which will tell you when to use imperfect tense instead of a tense such as the present or preterite.
Trigger Words
Imperfect
Siempre (always)
Cada dia (every day)
Todos los dias ( every day)
Nunca (never)
A veces (sometimes)
Todos los martes (Every Tuesday)
Ser Ir Ver
Era Iba Veía
Eras Ibas Veías
Era Iba Veía
Éramos Ibamos Veíamos
Erais Ibais Veíais
Eran Iban Veían
Irregulars in the Imperfect Tense
There are only three real irregulars in this tense and are conjugated below.
Examples• Juan iba a la iglesia los
domingos.• Tú eras un alumno inteligente.
• Nosotros veíamos la tele.
Expressing actions that are complete
Expressing ending or beginning of an action in the past
Tell a series of event in the past or a specific time
Tell of an action still ongoing
Tell of events that were habitual
Tell of a state both physical or emotional as well as characteristics
Simultaneous event occurring
Preterite vs. Imperfect
When to use: When to use:
ExamplesExamples
•Yo trabajé en la oficina ayer.•Yo tomé la medicina.
•Yo hablaba mucho cuando era niño.•Yo corría en la calle cuando era niña.
VS.
estar ser
estoyestásestáestamosestáisestán
soyeresessomossoisson
Ser vs. EstarConjugations
Example
•Estar listo•Ser lista
•To be ready (state)•To be bright (defining quality)
•Estar aburrido•Ser aburrido
•To be bored (state)•To be boring (defining quality)In Spanish, both Ser and Estar translate to
mean “to be”. It can sometimes be tricky to decide which one to use so we turn to
DOCTOR PED and HELPING.
Description (Ella es baja.)
Occupation (Soy doctor.)
Characteristic (El es simpático.)
Time / Date (Son las nueve.)
Origin (Soy de Georgia.)
Relationship (El es mi padre.)
Possessions (Es mi mochilla.) Events (Mi cumpleanos es en mi
casa.) Dates (Hoy es el nueve de
junio )
Health (Ella esta enferma) Emotion (Ella esta feliz) Location (Esta en la
escuela) Present Condition I N G
DOCTOR PEDSer
Estar
Verbs ending in –ing• -ando• -yendo/endo
(Esta ayudando)
HELPING
Aburrir, Encantar, Faltar, fascinar, importar, interesar, molestar, quedar, caer bien/mal, doler, disgustar, hacer, faltar, preocupar, sorprender, apetecer
When followed by verbs in the infinitive, always use singular form
Often used in the conditional (me gustaría) to soften request
Verbs like Gustar
Examples:•Me gusta tu pelo.
•Nos faltan la escuela y tarea.
Me, Te, Le, Nos, Les
EX1. La casa es grande.2. El granero es mas grande
que la casa.3. El castillo es el mas grande
de todas.EX
4. Este dinosaurio es feroz.5. Este dinosaurio es menos
feroz que el otro.6. Este dinosaurio es el menos
feroz del mundo.
Irregulares Bueno- mejor Viejo- mayor Malo- Peor Joven- Menor
Números Hay mas de cinco elefantes. Hay menos de siete elefantes.
1. La manzana es bueno2. El plátano es mejor que la
manzana.3. Las cerezas son las mejores de
todos las frutas
Comparativos y Superlativos
Connecting Words Aunque- even though Tambien- also Mientras- while A resir de- in spite of Pero- but Por lo tanto- Therefore Sin embargo/ no obstante-
Nevertheless
These words can be used to link or connect different parts of a sentence.
Transition Words
To conjugate, simply take the infinitive of the verb and add the endings to the right on the end.
This tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.
It is also used to express wonder or probability in the present state.
The future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something.
Future Tense Endings
-é
-ás
-á
-emos
-éis
-án
Examples•El lunes iré al hospital. I'll go to the hospital on Monday.•Esta noche miramos la televisión. Tonight we'll watch TV.•Serán las ocho. It must be 8:00.
Mañana, pasado mañana
Año que viene Año próximo Es un/dos/ tres
horas
Future Trigger Words
decer dir- to say
haber habr-
there to be [impersonal]; to have [helping verb]
hacer har- to make, do
poder podr- to be able
poner pondr-to put, place, set
querer querr- to want, love
decir sabr- to know [a fact], know how [+ infinitive]
salir saldr- to leave, go out
tener tendr- to have
valer valdr- to be worth
venir vendr- to come
These verbs have the same endings as the normal future tense
The future tense of the word hay is habrá: There will be
Future Tense Irregulars
Verbs Conjugation Meaning
Examples•Enrique nos dirá la verdad. Enrique will tell us the truth. •¿Quiénes vendrán conmigo? Who will come with me? •Pondré la mesa en seguida. I'll set the table right away.
Passing through- Portal General rather than
specific location- Portugal How long something lasts-
Porever The cause of something-
Porpuse An Exchange-
Import/Export Doing something in place
of or instead of someone else- I’m por, pay for me
A means of transportation- Transportation
Examples Viajamos por tres
semanas. Me caí por la nieve
Por
For whom something is done- Surprise Paraty
Destination- Paraguay The purpose for which
something is done- Parachute
To express an opinion- Paradon me, but…
To contrast of Compare- Compara
To express idea of deadline- Paramedic
Para
Would, Should, Could Often used with verbs such as
gustar Endings1. ía2. ías3. ía4. íamos5. ían
Conditional Form and Irregulars
Irregulars- Same as Future Tense
caberyo cabría
haberyo habría
poderyo podría
quereryo querría
saberyo sabría
deciryo diría
poneryo pondría
saliryo saldría
teneryo tendría
valeryo valdría
veniryo vendría
haceryo haría
Ex. 1. ¿Qué hora sería?
What time could it have been?2. Estaría en su casa.
He must have been at home.
Made by combining "has" or "have" with the past participle
Two verbs are required: the main verb and the auxiliary verb (Haber)
Haber: he has ha hemos habéis han
Present Perfect Tense
Ex.1. He comido.
I have eaten.2. He pagado la cuenta.
I have paid the bill.
Formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle.
Formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.
Haber: había habías había habíamos habíais habían
Past Perfect Tense
Ex.1. Había vivido.
I had lived.2. Juan había abierto las puertas.
Juan had opened the doors.
The future perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. In this case, "haber" is conjugated in the future tense.
Used to describe what will have happened in the future before a different action takes place, or by a specific time.
Haber: habré habrás habrá habremos habréis habrán
Future Perfect Tense
Ex.1. Habrá pagado todas las
deudas para el dos de octubre.He will have paid all the debt by October 2.
2. Habremos vuelto de España para el doce de junio.We will have returned from Spain by June 12.
Used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect
Used to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms
Haber Haya Hayas Haya Hayamos hayan
Perfect Subjunctive
Ex. 1. I doubt that you did it Dudo que lo hayas hecho
To form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use tan + adjective (adverb) + como
To form comparisons of equality with nouns, use tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como
Tan vs. Tanto
Ex.1. Juan tiene tanto dinero
como María.(as much money as)
2. El libro es tan bueno como la película.(The book is as good as the movie.)
The English equivalent of 'one' and 'people.'
Refers to an unidentified human agent.
It only uses intransitive verbs and 'objectless' transitive verbs
The verb is always singular. Ex.
1. En los Estados Unidos se come mucho. People eat a lot in the United States.2. Se puede encontrar cocos en el
mercado. You can find coconuts in the market.
Impersonal “se”
Both used to express the idea "to know"
Not interchangeable
1. saber: to know (facts, information, how to do something, something by heart)
2. conocer: to know (to be familiar with people, places, things)
Ex.1. Juan sabe donde está
María.Juan knows where Maria is.
2. Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid.Alberto and Alfredo know (are acquainted with) Madrid.
Saber vs. Conocer
Used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" form of the verb.
Informal, or familiar, speech is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child. Formal speech is generally used to be polite or to express respect. For that reason, the formal commands are often referred to as polite commands
Los Mandatos- Informal vs. Formal
Tu Commands (Informal) Usted Commands (Formal)
Affirmative Commands
-ar verbs:-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)-er and -ir verbs:-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)
The affirmative informal (tú) commands are formed the same way as the present indicative Ud. form
Tu Commands (Informal) Usted Commands (Formal)
Negative Commands
•negative commands use the same verb forms as in the affirmative ones
•Use the present subjunctive tú form
Ex. Di la verdad.(Tell the truth.) No digas mentiras.(Don't tell lies.) Haz tu tarea.(Do your homework.) No hagas eso.(Don't do that.)
Irregular Commands
• only occur with affirmative tú commands
DOP and IOP PlacementDOP’s
Me Me
Te You (informal)
Lo Him, You (formal), It (masculine)
La Her, You (formal), It (femine)
Nos Us
Os You all (only used in Spain)
Los Them, You all (masculine)
Las Them, You all (feminine)
In Spanish, the D.O.P. must be placed before the verb when there is only one verb.
Ex.Si, lo voy a comprar. (in front) Yes, I am going to buy it.
IOP’sMe To or For me
Te To or For you (informal)
Le To or For him/her/you (formal)
Nos To or For us
Os To or For you all (only used in Spain)
Les To or For them/you all
The I.O.P. is placed before a conjugated verb.
Ex.Tus padres te dan dinero. Your parents give you money. (give money to you)
With affirmative commands, the final "s" of the verb form is dropped before adding the pronoun "nos“
Let us = English Equivalent
Ex. Sentemos + nos = Sentémonos.Let's sit down.
Nosotros Commands: Mono Verbs
The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish
Used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.
For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:
Forming it: Start with the yo form of the present
indicative. Then drop the -o ending. Finally, add the following endings: -ar verbs:
-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en-er and -ir verbs:
-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Subjunctive Tense and Triggers
Ex. 1. Nos alegramos de que te
gusten las flores.We are happy that you like the flowers.2. Temo que mis estudiantes
lluguen tarde.Im afraid my students will arrive late.
dar dé
desdédemosdeisden
estar esté
estésestéestemosestéisestén
haber haya
hayashayahayamoshayáishayan
Subjunctive Irregularsir vaya vayas vaya vayamos vayáis vayansaber sepa sepas sepa sepamos sepáis sepanser sea seas sea seamos seáis sean
These are just some of the more common interpersonal expressions. There are many more.
impersonal expressions trigger the use of the indicative mood, since they introduce a quality of certainty or objectivity.
Impersonal Expressions a menos que ...
unless ... antes (de) que ...
before ... con tal (de) que ...
provided that ... cuando ...
when ... conviene que ...
it is advisable that ... después (de) que ...
after ... dudar que ...
to doubt that ... en caso de que ...
in case ... en cuanto ...
as soon as ... es aconsejable que ...
it's advisable that ... es bueno que ...
it's good that ... es difícil que ...
it's unlikely that ... es dudoso que ...
it is doubtful that ... es fácil que ...
it's likely that ... es fantástico que ...
it's fantastic that ... es importante que ...
it's important that ... es imposible que ...
it's impossible that ...
Indicate fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, or other sentiments or biases
Expressions of Emotion
Subjunctive with Feeling Words
alegrarse de que to be happy that
es justo que it's fair that
es (una) lástima que it's a pity that es malo que
it's ( too) bad that es mejor que it's better that es peor que it's worse that
es preferible que it's preferable that
Used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like
doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.
For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by
following these three steps:Forming it:
Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
Then drop the -o ending. Finally, add the following
endings: -ar verbs:
-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en-er and -ir verbs:
-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
es raro que It's strange that es triste que it's sad that
estar contento que to be happy that
estar triste que to be sad that
extrañarse que to be amazed
sentir queto regret, be sorry that
sorprenderse que to be surprised that
temer queto fear that
take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the (potential) future
Phrases: así que as soon as Cuandowhen despues de que after en cuanto as soon as hasta que until luego que as soon as tan pronto como as soon as
Conjunctions of Time
Ex. 1. Trabajé hasta que mis niños me
llamaron. I worked until my kids called.
2. Trabajo hasta que mis niños me llaman.
I (usually) work until my kids call.
3. Trabaja hasta que tus niños te llamen. Work until your kids call.
4. Trabajaré hasta que mis niños me llamen.
I'll work until my kids call.
Spanish has three words where English only has two. In English, we say "this" or "that" depending upon whether the object is close to us or not.
In Spanish, we also say "this" and "that," but there is another, separate word used to mean "that one over there."
This form is used when the object is more than just a short distance away, for example, on the other side of the room.
Demonstrative adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun modified, and they regularly precede the noun.
The demonstrative pronouns are the same in form as the demonstrative adjectives, but they always have the accent mark: éste, ése, aquél, ésa, aquélla, etc.
Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
•estethis•esethat•aquelthat one over there