Grammar Notebook Felicia Billings

Semester 1

Table of Contents

Qué vs Cuál Ser: doctorped Estar: helping Gustar Transitions Words Imperfect

› Triggers› Irregular

Acabar de + infinitive Hace expressions Formulas

Verbos como Gustar Reflexive Verbs

› Sentirse Modal Verbs Tú Commands

› Affirmative › Negative› Irregulars

DOP + placement Preterite

Example:• ¿De que color es los zapatos?• ¿Cuál es tu

numero de telefono?

Qu

é v

s. C

uál

Qué

Cuál

What? Used when asked for

defintions Most often used before

nouns Same singular and pural

form

Which or What? Usually used before es and other

forms of ser when not seeking a definition

Used to seggest a choice or selection form a group

Singular: Cuál Pural: Cuáles

Ser to be

Description› ¿Qué es?

Origin› ¿De dondé es?

Characteristics› ¿Cómo es?

Time› ¿Qué hora es?

Occupation› ¿Qué hace?

Relationships› ¿Quien es?

Possession› ¿De quienes?

Events› ¿Cyando/

donde es?

Dates› ¿Qué dia es

hoy?

Heath

¿Como estas?

Emotions

¿Como estas?

Location

¿Donde esta?

Present Condition

¿Como esta?

Estar to be

I ar: ando N ir/er:

endo

G ir/er:

-yendo

Estar is used when you are talking about something temporary.

Gustar to like or enjoy

Me gusta Nos gusta

Te gusta Os gusta

Le gusta Les gusta

Singular:•The singular forms of gustar are used when the object that follows is singular.Ex. Me gusta el boligrafa

Me gustan Nos gustan

Te gustan Os gustan

Le gustan Les gustanPlural:•Use the plural form when the object following gustar is also plural.Ex. Me gustan los bibligrafas.

To say you do NOT like something, you put a NO before the me,te, le, nos, os, or

les.

You should clarify or make it easier for the reader/listener to understand who or what likes the ____, since the pronouns are not very direct.Place an “a (name or regular pronoun) + gustar pronoun + gustar. Examples:

A mi me gusta – clarify that I like it.

A Juan le gusta –clarifying Juan likes it.

Transition Words

Primero first Entonces then Después after Normalmente normally Típicamente tipically Cada diás everyday Por la mañana in the morning Por la tarde in the adternoon

Por la noche in the night

Antes before Segund second Igualmente generally También also Una vez once Por la tonto accordingly

Imperfect

Uses› Ongoing past tense action› Repeated action› No definite beginning or end

Like a film not just a single snap shot› Time/date/age/feelings/descriptions

AR ER/IR

- aba Yo - ía

- abas Tú - ías

- aba Usted - ía

- ábamos Nostrosos - íamos

- abais Vostoros - íais

- aban Ustedes - ían

Examples:Todos los días yo

hablabaEveryday I talk.

Cuando era una niña, montaba los cabollos.

When I was a little girl, I rode horses.

Only Regular Imperfect Verbs.

Irregular Imperfect

Have the same uses! 3 irregular verbs are ir, ser, and ver.

Ir• iba• ibas• iba• íbamos• ibais• iban

Ser• era• eras• era• éramos• erais• eran

Ver• veía• veías• veía• veíamos• veíais• veían

Triggers

todos los días•everyday

a menudo•often

a veces•sometimes

Siempre•always

cada día•everyday

los lunes•Mondays

generalmente•generally mientras

•while

De vez en cuando•occasionally

Muchas veces•Very often

frecuentemente•frequently

Acabar de + infintive

Conjugate acabar:› Examples

I have just finished swimming

Acabo de nadar. Acabar conjugated de

infinitive

Yo Acabo de

Tú Acabas de

Usted Acaba de

Nosotros Acabamos de

Ustedes Acaban de

Acabar de : to just have finished Use this formula to say you have just done

something, you have just completed an action

Hace expressions

Hace + time + que + conjugated verb › = have mush time you have spent doing

something The conjugated verb can be in any tense Examples

› I spent 4 hours working on my Spanish Grammar Book

› Hace cuatro horas que trabajo en mi Español Libro Gramática Hace + time + que + conjugated verb

Formulas

Hace + time + que + conjugated verbThis formula is used to talk about how much time you have been

doing something.

Hay + que + infintiveThis formulas is used to talk about how much time you have been

doing something.

Se prohibe + infintiveThis formula is used to talk about what needs to be done or what

must de done.It is very impersonal and is directed to no one in particular.

Ir + a + infintiveThis formula tells what someone is going to do. * Remember to conjugate ir and leave what they are going to do in the infinitive.

Verbos como Gustar

•gusta

•gustan

Me•falt

a•falt

an

Te

•duele

•duelen

Le

•fascina

•fascinan

Nos

•molesta

•molestan

Les

Gustar(to like)

Faltar(to miss, missing)

Doler(to hurt, hurts)

Fascinar(to fasinate)

Molestar(to bully, bother)

PronounsVerbs

The singular and plural forms rules apply to these verbs too.The clarifying rules are also the same.

Reflexive Verbs

Verbs to do for or to yourself -se stuck on to the end of the verb

› Example: Levarse, Peinarse The do-er and reciever of the action are the

same.› I wash my face. I am doing the washing but I (my

face) is also receiving the washing. Refelxive pronouns: me nos

te osse se

Reflexive verb, reflects on how oneslf feels

Stem changer (e – ie) “boot” ¿Cómo te sientes?

› Me siento… ¿Cómo se sienten?

› Se siente…

Sentirse to feel

Me siento Nos sentimos

Te sientes Os sentís

Se siente Se sienten

Modal Verbs

ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)

poder + infinitive (are able to do something)

querer + infinitive (want to do something)

deber + infinitive (should do something)

* Conjugate and pair the modal verb with an infinitive to get a new meaning.

The o now has an accent because

when you attach a DOP to a

affirmative commands, you have to accent the third to last syllable so the pronunciation says the same

Tú C

om

an

ds

Aff

rimativ

eN

egativ

e

Conjugate into tú form Simply drop the “s” DOPs can be attached to the end

› Examples How do you say “Eat the hamburger!” ¡Come la hamburguesa! Or you can say ¡Cómelo!

Irregulars: TVDISHES Conjugate to the yo form Change the vowel

› ar = e er/ir = a Add a “s” DOPs can NOT attach to the

end, instead they come after the no but before the verb.› Examples

Don’t eat it ¡no lo comas! Comas

Coma

Add s

Como

Change vowel er verb =a

ComerConjugate to yo form

Salir

AffrimativeDiHazVePonSalSéTen Ven

Irregular tú commands Negative

No digasNo hagasNo vayasNo pongasNo salgasNo seasNo tengasNo vengas

Ser

Decir

Hacer Ir

Poner

Tener

Venir

DOP + placement rules are the same.

DOP + placement Reflexives

› A sentence can have both a subject pronoun and reflexive Yo me quito la ropa El se pone el desodorante. Subject pronoun reflexive pronoun conjugated reflexive verb …

› Infintive Contruction: The pronouns are added to the end of the infintive reflexive verb You replace the –se with the correct subject-verb agreement pronoun Voy a afeitarme Infintive reflexive verbreflexive pronoun.

3 ways to attach DOPs at the end› Infintives

Voy a Comerlo I am going to eat it› Affirmative Commands

¡Cómelo! Eat it! The o now has an accent because when you attach a DOP to a affirmative

commands, you have to accent the third to last syllable so the pronunciation says the same.

› Present Progressive Estoy comiendolo I will eat it

Negative Commands› Pronouns are placed after the no but before the verb in a negative command.

¡No lo comas! Do not eat it!

Me Nos

te Os

LoLa

LosLas

Preterite

AR ER/IR

- é Yo - í

- aste Tú - iste

- ó Usted - ió

- amos Nostrosos - imos

- aran Ustedes - ieron

Endings

Uses› Simple happened and its over action; a definite

time in the past› Has a beginign and or ending› It’s a single snapshot in time› Example

• The boy fell and broke his leg. It happened at that single point in time.

Tigger words for Preterite:Ayer yesterday

A noche at night

El año pasado last year

La semana passado

Last week

Ante ayerbefore

yesterday

FIN