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Grammar NotebookBy: Mariana Tucker
Table of Contents
Preterite vs. imperfect
Ser vs. estar Verbs like gustar Comperatives/
superlatives Transition words Future Trigger words-
future Por para
• Preterite• Tigger words-
Preterite• Car-Gar-Zar• Spock Verbs• Snake and Snake-y
verbs• Cucaracha Verbs• Imperfect• Trigger words-
imperfect• Irregulars
Table of Contents (cont.) Conditional + irregulars Perfect Tenses
› Present› Past› Irregulars› subjunctive
Tanto y tan Impersonal “se” Saber vs. Conocer Mandatos
Informal/FormalAffirmative/Negative Irregular (DOP + IOP
placement)
Nosotros Commands Mono Verbs
Subjunctive + irregulars Impersonal
expressions Expression of
emotions Conjunctions of time
Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
Preterite
• A completed action
• the distant past
• Perfected time
What is it?
• specific events that occured
• narrate a series of past actions or events
when to use? • Example
sentences:• I ate chicken for
dinner last night• Yo comí pollo para
cena a noche.
Examples
É amos
Aste
ó aron
í imos
iste
ío ieron
-AR VERBS
-ER/-IR VERBS
Preterite continued…
Hace que
Un dia
Una vez
Anteayer
El pasado
ayer
Trigger words- Preterite
A las ocho
A noche
*When you see these words in a sentence you will have a hint to use the preterite*
Tocar (yo form) Jugar (yo form)
Tocé = WRONG!
Toqué- to get the hard “c’ sound
Jugé= WRONG!
Jugué- to get the hard “g” sound
-Car, -Gar, -Zar
*Stem changing verbs in the preterite
Fui FuimosFuisteFue Fueron
d/v -i d/v -imosd/v -iste d/v -io d/v –ieron
hice hicimoshicistehizo hicieron
Ir/Ser:
Dar/Ver:
HACER:
Spock Verbs
“Snake” Verbs
E to I- Competir- Repetir- Servir- Sentir- Pedir- Preferir
O to u- Morir- dormir
*Snake verbs will only change in the “usted” and “ustedes” form
“Snake-ey” verbs.
The verbs that require a “y” in the “usted” and ustedes” form happen with verbs like leer and oir.
oí oímos
oiste
oyó oyeron
Oir
Preterite Irregulars aka “Cucharacha Verbs”
Andar anduv-Estar estuv-Poder pud-Poner pus-Querer quis-Saber sup-Tener tuv-Venir vin-decir dij-traer traj-conducir conduj-producir produj-Traducir traduj-
• The root of these verbs change but the normal preterite endings will stay the same.
• The highlighted verbs will end in –eron instead of –ieron because of the j’s that are at the end of the verbs.
Continued…Background information is being discussed, such as:
TimeWeatherlocation
Example sentences: 1. Cuando era niña me gustaba ver television.
2.
Cuando uso el imperfecto?Describe physical or emotional states/ characteristics
When there is an interruption in the sentence
Endings -Araba abamosabas aba aban
-Er/-Ir
í íamos
ías
Ía ían
IMPERFECTO
Imperfect irregulares
Ir-iba íbamos
-ibas -iba iban
Ver-veía veíamos
-veías - veía veían
Ser-era éramos
-eras -era eran
Trigger words- Imperfect
siempre
Todos los días
mientras
A veces
Cada día
Los lunes
Ser- “to be”
D- escriptions O- rigin C- haracteristics T- ime O- ccupation R- elationships P- ossesion E- vents D- ates
Estar
H- ealth E- motions L- ocation P- resent condition I N G } Ar- ando
Er/ir- endo -yendo
Verbos como Gustar When gustar is
followed by one or more verbs in the infinitive, singular form of gustar is always used
Often used in conditional (me gustaría) to soften a request.
•Ejemplos: -A Adela le encanta la musicá de Shakira.
- A mi me aburre la música clásica.
Verbos como gustar cont…
Abburir Encantar Faltar Fascinar Importar Interesar Molestar Quedar Doler
Caer bien/mal disgustar Hacer falta preocupar soprender apetecer
Comparatives/Superlatives Ejemplos:- La casa es grande- El granero es mas grande que la casa- El castillo es el mas grande de todos
Ejemplos:- Este dinosaurio es feroz.- Este dinosaurio es menos feroz que el
otro- Este dinosaurio es el menos feroz
dinosaurio en el mundo.
Comparatives/ superlatives cont…
IrregularesBueno mejorMalo peor
Viejor mayorJoven menor
* To say “more than” or “less than” with numbers….use “mas de” or “menos de” + number
Connector words
Aunque- even though
Por lo tanto- therefore
Mientras- while
Pero- but
Tambien- also
A pesar de- in spite of
Sin embargo/ no obstante- nevertheless
Infinitivo + é Infinitovo + emos
Infinitive + ás Infinitivo + éis
Infinitive + á Infinitivo + án
Irregulares
El Futuro
Decir Dir Hacer harPoner PondrSalir SaldrTener TendrValer ValdrVenir VendrPoder Podr
Querer Querr Saber SabrCaber CabrHaber Habr
Trigger words- Futuro
Mañana El proximo día En dos días
When to use POR….
Passing through…PORtal General rather than specific
location….PORtugal How long something lasts….PORever The cause of something…PORpuse An exchange…imPORt/esPORt Doing something in place of or instead of
someone else….I’m POR, pay for me A means of
transportation….transPORtation
When to use PARA…
For whom something is done…surprise PARAty
Destination….PARAguay The purpose for which something is
done…PARAchute To express an opinion…PARAdon me To contrast or compare…comPARA Tp express idea of deadline…
PARAmedic
Conditional TenseWhen
to use?To make polite
requests
Express probability
The future- in relation to a past
event or past habitual actions
How to
use?Infinitive + endings
Example:
Hablar ---> infinitive
Add ending
hablaría
Comer
Comerías
Escribir
Escribían
ía
ías
ía
íamos
íais
ían
Conditional Irregulars Decir Dir__
Haber Habr__
Poder Podr__
Poner Pondr__ Saber Sabr__
Tener Tendr__
Valer Valdr__
Venir Vendr__
Caber Cabr__
Querer Querr__
Salir Saldr___
A compound tense that is formed with the present and the verb “haber” and the past participle of the other verb
Present Perfect
-- Ar ado -- Er ido
--Ir ido
Past Perfect The past perfect is
compound tense where two verbs have to be present› Main verb› Auxiliary verb
(“had”) Use the verb
“had” with a past participle
Había
Habías
Había
Habíamos
Habían
Haber
IrregularsAbrir…..abierto
Cubrir….cubierto
Decir….dicho
Escribir…..escrito
Hacer…..hecho
Morir……muerto
Resolver…..resuelto
Romper…..roto
Ver……visto
Volver….vuelto
Ir ….ido
Poner…..puesto
Subjuntivo PerfectoWhen
to use?
When a verb or expression
requiring the subjunctive is in
the present, future or present
perfect
Comparison to
Present Use the present
subjunctive when the dependent clause is in the
present or future
Present perfect subjunctive used when dependent clause is in the
past
Example:
*use “haber” plus the past participle
Dudo que lo hayas hecho.
HaberHaya hayamos
Hayas
Haya hayan
Tan + Adjective or Adverb + Como
Ex. Wal-Mart es tan bueno como Target.
Tanto (-os, -a, -as)+ Noun + como
Ex. Fernando tengo tantos libros como
Juan
Tanto y Tan
Impersonal “se”
You will use the impersonal “se” when the person doing the action of the verb is not specified.
The impersonal “se” can be used in all tenses
* The verb is always in 3rd person when using “se”
Saber
• Facts and information
When to use?
How to use? • Yo sé matematicas.
Example
sé
sabes
sabe
sabemos
saben
Conocer
• People, places and literature
When to use?
How to use?
• Yo conozco mi abuelo.
• Ella conoce Nuevo York.
Example
Conozco
Conoces
Conoce
Conocemos
Conocen
LOS MANDATOS
Affirmative Usted/es
1st step
•Take the “yo” form of the verb
2nd step
•Drop the “o” and add the opposite ending
•-Ar - e•-Ir/-Er- a•If it is plural add an “n”
Example
•Hablar - Hablo- Hable
•Comer- Como- Coma
Usted/es Irregulars
Tener---> tenga
Venir---> venga
Dar/Decir---> dé or diga
Ir---> vaya
Ser--->sea
Hacer---> haga
Estoy---> esté
Saber---> sepá
Affirmative Tú
Conjugate to the tú form
Drop the “s”
Example: Hablar Hablas habla
Irregulars
•Decir- di
•Hacer- haz
•Ir- ve
•Poner- pon
•Salir- sal
•Tener- ten
•Venir- ven
Negative Tú
Change the verb to the “yo” form
Drop the “o”Add the
opposite tú ending
Ex. Comer Como
Coma No comas
Irregulars
Tener- tengas
Venir- vengas
Decir- digas
Ir- vayas
Ser-sayas
Hacer- hagas
Estoy- estes
Saber- sepas
IOP/DOP placement
•Object pronouns are attatched directly to the end of the imperative for m of the verb
Affirmative commands
•Cómprelo (Usted)•Cómpralo
Example •If the direct and indirect object pronouns are attatched
•Indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun
•Cómprelo•Cómpremelo
Example
IOP/DOP placement
•Object pronouns come before the imperative form of the verb
Negative Commands
•No lo compre
Example •If there are both direct and indirect object pronouns, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun
•No me lo compre
Example
Change the verb to “yo”
formDrop the “o”
Add the opposite
“nosotros” ending
Ex. Hablar Hablamos Hablemos
Nosotros Commands
“Mono” verbs
Use with reflexive
verbs
Drop the last “s” of the command
form
Attach the reflexive pronoun
Ex. Levantemos
+ nos levantéMONOs
When to
use?Attitudes (uncertain events or actions)
Uncertainity
Hypothetical
How to
use?
Change to "yo" form
Add opposite ending (*-ar changes to -er/-
ir ending)(*-er/-ir changes to
-ar ending)
Example:
Hablar ---> infinitiveHablo---> "yo" formHable---> opposite
ending
ComerComoComa
EscribirEscriboEscriba
T
• Tener --> Tenga
V
• Venir--> Venga
D
•Dar--> Dé•Decir--> Diga
I
•Ir--> Vaya
S
• Saber --> Sepa
H
• Hacer --> Haga
• Haber--> Haya
E
• Estar --> Este
S
• Ser --> Sea
•Es bueno que....embellezca el mundo.
•Es incierto que.....pueda manejar.
•Es importante que.....estudie para el examen.
•Es mejor que.....coma verduras.
•Es urgente que.....llame la policía
•Es necesario que.....pase una prueba.
Expressions of Emotions
Subjunctive
*when there is no change in the subject you will use the infinitive
Ex. Temo llegar tarde
Main clause + the subordinate clause
Ex. Siento que ella esta triste.
Use the subjunctive when expressing emotions
Hope, fear, Joy, Pity , Happy or Sad
Examples: Expressions of Emotions
•Alegrarse de…
•Esperar..
•Sentir…
•Soprender…
•Temer…
•Es triste…
•Ojalá que…(Always subjunctive)
•Using “que” is optional
Conjunctions of Time
When to use?
Take the indicative when the action in
the subordinate clause is habitual or
in the past
The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command
or in the future
Example:
Trabajé hasta que mis niños me llamaron.
Conjunctions of time
•Así que….as soon as
•Cuando…when
•Despues de que…after
•En cuanto…as soon as
•Hasta que…until
•Luego que…as soon as
•Tan pronto como…as soon as
Demonstrative Adjectives/ Pronouns
this” “that “these” “those” Ejemplos:
› Adjectives:- Este libro es facil.
- This book is easy.- Yo quiero esta taza.
- I want that cup
› Pronouns- Yo quiero este.
- I want that.- ¿Que es ese?
- What is that?
Singular
Male Female
este esta (this)
ese esa (that)
aquel aquella (that over there)
Plural
Male Female
estos estas (this)
esos esas (that)
aquellos
aquellas (that over there)