Spanish 2 Grammar Concepts

Bella Flaherty

Table of Contents- First Quarter

1. Ser 2. Estar3. Verbs like Gustar4. Hacer Expressions5. El Pretérito and Trigger Words6. Car, Gar, y Zar7. Spock 8. Cucaracha 9. Snake10. Snakeys11. Affirmative Commands12. Negetive and Irregular Commands13. DOPs14. IOPs 15. Se Impersonal

DO

CT O R

P

E

D1. Ser

Description, Origin, Characteristics, Time, Occupation, Relationship,

Possession, Event, Date

SER

H

E

L

P

I

N

G

ESTAR

Health

Emotions

Location

Present Condition

Present Participles.Rules:• -ar to –ando• -er and –ir to –

iendo or -yendo

2. Estar

3. Verbs Like Gustar

• These verbs follow the same conjugation as gustar with doler having an e stem changer.

1. Faltar- to lack2. Doler- to hurt3. Fascinar- to fascinate4. Molestar- to bother• EXPs: Te falta pelo. Nos gustan los libros.

4. Hacer Time Expressions

Hace

Time

Que

Verb

Present Tense is since and for. Example: Hace tres dias que no tengo problemas con Pablo.

Preterite Tense is ago. Example: Hace una semana que desapareció.

5. El Pretérito y Trigger Words

• It is a definite time in the past, and has a beginning or an ending.

• Trigger words that you could assume may deal with this are:

Ayer AnocheEl año pasadoLa semana pasadaAnte ayer

El Pretérito

ER/IR

AR

-í -imos

-iste -isteí s

-ió -ieron

ER

-í -imos

-iste -isteís

-ió -ieron

IR

5. El Pretérito Cont.

-é -amos

-aste -asteís

-ó -aron

El Pretérito Irregulars

• There are 3 main types of Irregular Pretérito verbs we have learned about. They are:

Car, Gar, y ZarCucarachaSpock

6. Car, Gar, y Zar Irregulars

Car Gar Zar-qué -camos

-caste casteís

-có -caron

-gué -gamos

-gaste -gasteís-gó -garon

-cé -zamos

-zaste -zasteís

-zo -zaron

7. Spock Irregulars!

• 3 different groupings.• The words in each grouping are conjugated

the same way.• The groupings are:1. IR y SER2. DAR y VER3. HACER

7. SPOCK

IRSER

IR- to go SER- to be

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste Fuisteís

Fue Fueron DAR

VER

DAR- to give VER- to see

I Imos

Iste Isteís

Io Ieron

HACER

HACER…. TO MAKE OR DO

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste Hicisteís

Hito Hicieron

8. Cucaracha

• Endings for all are the same:

-e -imos

-iste -isteis

-o -ieron

Andar- aduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pusQuerer- quisSaber- supTener- tuvVenir- vin

Conducir- condujProducir- produjTraducir- tradujDecir- dijTraer- traj

8. Cucaracha Verbs!

9. Snake

• In the 3rd person, the stem change occurs.• The stem change is to opposite vowel with the

first vowel.

Dormi Dormimos

Dormiste Dormisteis

Durmio Durmierion

10. Snakeys

• Follows same concept as SNAKE, but is more specific.

• In the 3rd person the stem change is the vowel “I” to the vowel “y”.

Lei Leimos

Leiste Leisteis

Leyo Leyeron

Leer

11. Affirmative Commands

• Steps:1. Put verb in ‘yo’ form2. Change to opposite vowel. Ar to e er/ir to a3. If plural add a ‘n’4. Then, add DOP to end ONLY IF POSITIVE• Example: Comalo!

Tú Commands (Affirmative/Negative)

Conjugate to the tú form

Drop the “s”

Affirmative

Put in yo form

Change to opposite vowel

Add an “s”

Negative

12. Negetive Commands

• Steps are same as affirmative except you may not add the DOP to the end of the verb. It must go before it.

• Example: Lo coma!

12. Irregular Commands

Tenga VERB IS TENERVenga VERB IS VENIRDe VERB IS DARI- Vaya VERB IS IRSea VERB IS SERHaga VERB IS HACEREste VERB IS ESTARSepa VERB IS SABER

13. DOPs

• Answers the question of what is receiving the direct action of the verb.

• DOPs are : lo, la, los, las, me, te, nos, se• You must have a DOP in order to have an IOP,

however in a sentence you always put the IOP behind the DOP.

14. IOPs

• Answers the question to whom or for whom. • IOPs are: me, te, le, nos, os, les. Because you

can’t have two “l” IOP/DOP le and les can be changed to se.

• Example: I gave it to her. Se lo di! Gave=verb=di it=DOP=lo her=IOP=se

15. Se Impersonal

vfbfbcvfhf

•Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.

1.•When

using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person.

2.

•Se can be used in all tenses.

3.

Se vende fruta.

Aqui se habla espanol.

Se hizo mucho.Se hara mucho.Se habia mucho.

Table of Contents- 2nd Semester

1. Past Participles as Adjectives2. El Futuro and ir + a+ infinitive3. Los Adjetivos Demonstrativos4. Mandatos Formales5. Los Mandatos Informales6. Modal Verbs7. Reflexives8. Saber vs. Conocer

Past Participles as Adjectives

-ado-ar -ido-er -ido-ir

Past Participles as adjectives conjugations is like when conjugating a verb. For this process, take off the ending and attach –ado or –ido,

depending on if it is an –ar, -er, or –ir verb.

Irregular Past Participles as Adjectives

• abrir (to open) - abierto (open)• cubrir (to cover) - cubierto (covered)• decir (to say) - dicho (said)• escribir (to write) - escrito (written)• freír (to fry) - frito (fried)• hacer (to do) - hecho (done)• morir (to die) - muerto (dead)• poner (to put) - puesto (put)• resolver (to resolve) - resuelto (resolved)• romper (to break) - roto (broken)• ver (to see) - visto (seen)• volver (to return) - vuelto (returned)

Irregular Futuro

• Decir….. dir• Hacer….. har• Poder….. podr• Poner…… pondr• Querer…… querr• Saber……. sabr• Salir……. saldr• Tener……. tendr• Valer…….. valdr• Venir…….. vendr

El Futuro

• Infinitive + ending• Endings are same for -ar, -er, and –ir

-emos -ás -éis -á -án

-é

Ir + A + Infinitives

• GOING TO DO SOMETHING…• Included in el futuro. • Example:Yo voy a viajar a España.Meaning: I am going to travel to Spain.

Los Adjectivos Demonstrativos

1.Make sure it always agrees in gender and number with the noun it is modifying.

2.Put in front of the noun it modifies.

Singular Plural

Este/Esta (this) Estos/Estas (these)

Ese/Esa (that) Esos/Esas (those)

Aquel/Aquella (that over there)

Aquellos/Aquellas (those over there

Los Mandatos Formales

-ar

•Conjugate to yo form

•Drop –o and add -e

-er

•Conjugate to yo form

•Drop-o and add -a

-ir

•Conjugate to yo form

•Drop –o and add -a

Los Mandatos Informales Cont. Affirmatives Negatives

Di (decir) Tengas (tener)

Haz (hacer)Vengas (venir)

Ve (ir) Dés, digas (dar, decir)

Pon (poner) Vayas (ir)

Sal (salir) Seas (ser)

Sé (ser) Hagas (hacer)

Ten (Tener Estés (estar)

Ven (venir Sepas (saber)

Modal Verbs

ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)

poder + infinitive (are able to do something)

querer + infinitive (want to do something)

deber + infinitive (should do something)

tener que + infinitive (to have to do something)

Reflexives

• Reflexive pronouns can be: -in front of the conjugated verb -attached to the infinitive -attached to the present participle -attached to an affirmative command• When attached, the reflexive pronoun changes the

syllabification of the word, so add an accent to the proper syllable.

• Some verbs come with “se” attached to the end. These are reflexive verbs, all you do is conjugate and change the pronoun accordingly.

Reflexives Cont.

Me (used in yo form)

Te (used in tú form)

Se (used in él/ella form or ellos(as) form)

Nos (used in nosotros form)

Os (used in vosotros form)

Saber vs. Conocer

Saber:To know Facts or

information

Conocer:To knowPeople,

place, thing, or published

works