Spanish 2 Grammar Concepts

Heli Martin

Table of Contents1. Ser 2. Estar3. Verbs like Gustar4. Hacer Expressions5. El Pretérito and Trigger Words6. Car, Gar, y Zar7. Spock 8. Cucaracha 9. Snake10. Snakeys11. Affirmative Commands12. Negetive and Irregular Commands13. DOPs14. IOPs 15. Se Impersonal

16. Past Participles as Adjectives

17. El Futuro18. Imperfect Tense

19. Demonstrative Adjectives

20. Demonstrative Pronouns21. Los Mandatos Formales22. Mandatos informales23. Modal Verbs24. Reflexives25. Saber vs. Conocer

1. SerD.O.C.T.O.R.P.E.D

DescriptionOrigin

CharacteristicsTime

OccupationRelationshipPossession

EventDate

H

E

L

P

I

N

G

ESTAR

Health

Emotions

Location

Present Condition

Present Participles.Rules:• -ar to –ando• -er and –ir to –

iendo or -yendo

2. Estar

3. Verbs Like Gustar

• These verbs follow the same conjugation as gustar with doler having an “e” stem changer.

• Faltar- to lack• Doler- to hurt• Fascinar- to fascinate• Molestar- to bother

Examples: Te falta pelo. Nos gustan los libros.

4. Hacer Time Expressions

Hace

Time

Que

Verb

Present Tense is since and for. Example: Hace tres dias que no tengo problemas con Pablo.

Preterite Tense is ago. Example: Hace una semana que desapareció.

5. El Pretérito y Trigger Words

• It is a definite time in the past, and has a beginning or an ending.

• Trigger words that you could assume may deal with this are:

Ayer AnocheEl año pasadoLa semana pasadaAnte ayer

-í -imos

-iste -isteís

-ió -ieron

ER / IR

-é -amos

-aste -asteís

-ó -aron

Pretérito

AR

El Pretérito Irregulars

• There are 3 main types of Irregular Pretérito verbs we have learned about. They are:

oCar, Gar, y ZaroCucarachao Spock

6. Car, Gar, y Zar Irregulars

Car Gar Zar-qué -camos

-caste casteís

-có -caron

-gué -gamos

-gaste -gasteís-gó -garon

-cé -zamos

-zaste -zasteís

-zo -zaron

7. Spock Irregulars!

• 3 different groupings.• The words in each grouping are conjugated

the same way.• The groupings are:1. IR y SER2. DAR y VER3. HACER

7. SPOCK

IRSER

IR- to go SER- to be

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste Fuisteís

Fue Fueron DAR

VER

DAR- to give VER- to see

í Imos

Iste Isteís

ío Ieron

HACER

HACER…. TO MAKE OR DO

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste Hicisteís

Hito Hicieron

8. Cucaracha

• Endings for all are the same:

-e -imos

-iste -isteis

-o -ieron

Andar- aduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pusQuerer- quisSaber- supTener- tuvVenir- vin

Conducir- condujProducir- produjTraducir- tradujDecir- dijTraer- traj

8. Cucaracha Verbs

9. Snake

• In the 3rd person, the stem change occurs.• The stem change is to opposite vowel with the

first vowel.

Dormi Dormimos

Dormiste Dormisteis

Durmio Durmierion

10. Snakeys

• Follows same concept as SNAKE, but is more specific.

• In the 3rd person the stem change is the vowel “I” to the vowel “y”.

Lei Leimos

Leiste Leisteis

Leyo Leyeron

Leer

11. Affirmative Commands

• Steps:1. Put verb in ‘yo’ form2. Change to opposite vowel. Ar to e er/ir to a3. If plural add a ‘n’4. Then, add DOP to end ONLY IF POSITIVE• Example: Comalo!

12. Negative Commands

o Steps are same as affirmative

except you may not add the DOP to

the end of the verb. It must go before

it.

Example: Lo coma!

12. Irregular Commands

TVDISHES=

Tenga VERB IS TENER

Venga VERB IS VENIR

De VERB IS DAR

I- Vaya VERB IS IR

Sea VERB IS SER

Haga VERB IS HACER

Este VERB IS ESTAR

Sepa VERB IS SABER

13. DOPs

o Answers the question of what is receiving the direct action of the verb.

o DOPs : lo, la, los, las, me, te, nos, seo You MUST have a DOP in order to have an IOP;

however, in a sentence you ALWAYS put the IOP behind the DOP.

14. IOPs

• Answers the question: to whom? or for whom?

• IOPs are: me, te, le, nos, os, les.• You can’t have two “l” IOP/DOP le and les

is changed to “se”.• Example: I gave it to her. Se lo di. Gaveverbdi itDOPlo herIOP le but is changed to se

15. Se Impersonal

f

•Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.

1.•When

using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person.

2.

•Se can be used in all tenses.

3.

Se vende fruta.

Aqui se habla espanol.

Se hizo mucho.Se hara mucho.Se habia mucho.

16. Past Participles as Adjectives

• Add –ado for –ar verbs• Add –ido for –ir/ –er verbs• Has to agree with nouns they modify in

gender and number

Singular Plural

masculine El ingrediente combinado Los ingredientes combinados

feminine La manzana comida Las manzanas comidas

Irregular Past Participles

• Abrir abierto• Cubrir cubierto• Decir dicho• Escribir escrito• Hacer hecho• Morir muerto

• Poner puesto• Resolver resuelto• Romper roto• Ver visto• Volver vuelto• Ir ido

17. Futuro

• I, you, he, she, we, you, they will

Yo: infinitivo + é Nosotros: infinitivo + emos

Tu: infinitivo + ás Vosotros: infinitivo + éis

Usted: infinitivo + á Ustedes: infinitivo + án

Irregular Futuros

• Decir Dir-• Hacer Har-• Poner Pondr- • Salir Saldr-• Tener Tendr-• Valer Valdr-• Venir Vendr-

• Poder Podr-• Querer Querr-• Sabrir Sabr-• Caber Cabr-• Salir Saldr-• Habrir Habr-

Ir + a + infinitive

• Use this when you are going to do something• Ex: Voy a viajar a Nicaragua.

18. Imperfect Tense• Used to describe past activities in

a different way• No stem changes in the imperfect• Incomplete or continuing actions• Used to describe:1. Habitual actions or repeated

actions2. Events of actions that were in

progress3. Physical characteristics4. Mental or emotional states5. Time-telling6. Age

• -ar

• -er/-ir

-aba -ábamos-abas -abais-aba -aban

-ía -íamos-ías -íais-ía -ían

Imperfect Irregulars

IR

SER

VER

iba íbamosibas ibaisiba iban

era éramoseras eraisera eran

veía veíamosveías veíaisveía veían

19. Demonstrative Adjectives

• Has to agree in number and gender• Place in front of the noun it modifies

Singular Plural

Este/Esta (this) Estos/ Estas (these)

Ese/ Esa (that) Esos/ Esas (those)

Aquel/ Aquella (that over there) Aquellos/ aquellas (those over there)

20. Demonstrative Pronouns• Serve basically the same purpose as the demonstrative adjectives, except they stand for nouns

rather than modify nouns• Singular masculine

– éste (this) – ése (that) – aquél (that)

• Plural masculine – éstos (these) – ésos (those) – aquéllos (those)

• Singular feminine – ésta (this) – ésa (that) – aquélla (that)

• Plural feminine – éstas (these) – ésas (those) – aquéllas (those)

21. Los Mandatos Formales

• For –ar verbs : conjugate to yo formdrop –o and add –e

• For –er/ -ir verbs :conjugate to yo formdrop the –o and add –a

Tú Command

s

Affirmative Commands Drop the -s

Negative Commands

1. Put in yo form2. Change to opposite vowel3. Add the “s”

Irregular Commmands

Decir DiHacer Haz

Ir VeSer Sé

Poner PonSalir Sal

Tener TenVenir Ven

23. Modal Verbs

• Used with other verbs to help them change their meaning

• Pair up with infinitivesmodal verb+infinitive• Modal verbs: Poder, querer, deber, tener que,

ir a

24. Reflexives

• Reflects action of verb back to subject• Reflexive pronouns: me, te, se, nos, os, se• Put pronoun in front of verb after you conjugate the

verb• Ex: he sees himself se ve• When the verb is not conjugated, place after or before

the verb• Ex: he is going to see himself va a verse o se va a ver• Reflexive verbs: acostarse, afeitarse, bañarse, cepillarse,

ducharse, llamarse, ponerse, vestirse

25. Conocer vs. Saber

• Saber is used to express knowledge of information

• Ex: we know how to cook sabemos cocinar• Conocer is used to express knowledge of a

person, place, thing, etc.• Ex: we know Ben conocemos Ben