View
700
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Presentations for CTA/WUR Inception Workshop on “Mainstreaming Tertiary Education in ACP ARD Policy Processes: Increasing Food Supply and Reducing Hunger”
Citation preview
From Food Production to Food Security:challenges & opportunities
Prof. dr ir Rudy Rabbinge
Emeritus University Professor Sustainable Development & Food security
CTA/WUR Inception Workshop: increasing food supply & reducing hunger, Sept. 18th, 2012
Content
Megatrends in agriculture
Global food security
Why is Africa lagging behind (IAC study)
A way forward
Megatrends in agriculture
Megatrends
foodhealth
chainapproach
from craft to industry
productivity
rise
multipleobjectives
bio-basedeconomy
…Global Food Security …
Global grain productivity (1950 – 2010)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20200
100
200
300
400
year
Index v
alu
e
production
ton/ha
area
Source: FAOstat
Global grain acreage (1950 – 2010)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20200
100
200
300
400
year
Index v
alu
e
Source: FAOstat
population
per capitaarea
area
Global grain production (1950 – 2010)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 20200
100
200
300
400
year
Index v
alu
e
Source: FAOstat
production
population
per capitaproduction
Food availability per capita (1960 – 2000)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 202050
75
100
125
150
year
Index v
alu
e
Asia
S. America
SS Africa
Source: FAOstat
Global diets
Series1
0 1000 2000 3000 40002000
need
1 billion people
underweight
1 billion people
overweight
kcal per person.day
Global diets
Africa
Dem. Rep. of Congo
USA
The Netherlands
China
India
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
need world
2000
kcal per person.day
Demand = Population x Diet
World population
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500
2
4
6
8
10
worlddeveloping worlddeveloped world
(x billion people)
Global population
2010 2050
1.2 1.3
2.6
5.3
3.1
2.6
Developed Emerg. Urban Emerg. Rural
(billions)
Source: VFRC
Food demand
Developed
Emerg. Urban
Emerg. Rural
Total
6%
163%
9%
70%
% increase 2050 vs 2010
Source: IFDC
Discontinuities wheat yields (NL)
1900 1925 1950 1975 20000
2
4
6
8
10
Gre
en
re
volu
tion
ton grain ha-1
15 kg ha-1 y-1
150 kg ha-1 y-1
Discontinuities wheat yields (UK & USA)
Gre
en
re
volu
tion
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 20000
1
2
3
4
5
6
UKUSA
4 kg ha-1 y-1
78 kg ha-1 y-1
3 kg ha-1 y-1
50 kg ha-1 y-1
ton grain ha-1
Discontinuities paddy yield (Indonesia)
Gre
en
re
volu
tion
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 19900
1
2
3
4
5
2,5 kg ha-1 y-1 130 kg ha-1 y-1
ton paddy ha-1
Green revolutions
Production ecological principles towards potential production
●integrated soil and water management
●control of pests, diseases and weeds
Plant breeding short straw varieties (harvest index increased) higher proportion harvestable product
Presence of functioning institutions
Political will
Functioning markets
Needs for new green revolutions
Demographic reasons (population growth)*
Changes in diet (more animal proteins)
Shortage of good agricultural land
Safeguard biodiversity
Environmental reasons (degradation/pollution)
Bio-based economy*
Climate change
Production-ecological principles & practice
Defining factors•CO2•radiation•temperature•crop
genetics
potentialproduction
Limiting factors•water•nutrients
(N,P,K)
attainableproduction
Reducing factors•weeds•pests•diseases•pollutants
actualproduction
Post-harvest losses
•microbial•insects•rodents•waste
availableproduction
post-harvest- technology• storage• packing
yie
ld g
ap
yieldincreasin
gmeasures
yie
ld level
yieldprotectingmeasures
P R O D U C T I O N S I T U A T I O N
Two strategies
actualyield
increasepotential
yield
decreaseyield gap
potentialyield
potentialyield
actualyield
yie
ld g
apgap
…Why is Africa lagging behind ?...
Africa: Maize yield/ha stagnates
1960 1970 1980 1990 20000
2
4
6
8
10
Year
Actual maize yield (t ha-1)
L. America & Car.
S. AsiaE. & S-E.Asia
Sub-S. Africa
N. America
EU15
Why is Africa lagging behind?
Study by Inter Academy Council
“ Realizing the promise and potential of African agriculture”
“I request the IAC a report providing a technological strategic plan to provide substantial increase in agricultural productivity in Africa”
Kofi Annan, March 2002
Study results (1) Problems of Africa
Weathered soils
Erratic rainfall
Endemic plant and animal diseases
Poor resource base,
Vulnerable environment
Absence of dominating food crops
Multitude of farming systems
Need for many different technologies
Nutrient depletionno datalowmoderatehighvery high
Study results (2) Problems of Africa
Dominant role for women – limited access to resources
Land and Labor productivity low
How to become competitive?
Lack of investment in agricultural research
Lack of knowledge infrastructure
Lack of functioning academic institutions
Brain drain
Need for investment in research and education
GDP & Investments in agriculture
Agric. based Transforming Urbanized0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Public agric. spending/agric. GDP
1980 2000
%
Agric. based Transforming Urbanized0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Agricultural GDP/GDP
1980 2000
%
Source: IAC report
Public spending on agriculture lowest in agriculture based countrieswhile their share of agriculture in GDP is highest
Study results (3) Problems of Africa
Not functioning local and regional markets
Land entitlement inappropriate
No stimulating political and economic environment
Inadequate capacity to impact global policy formulation
Lack of good governance
Need for renewal of institutional arrangements
…A way forward …
IAC report: Strategic Recommendations
Technology options that can make a difference (11)
Building impact-oriented research, knowledge and development institutions (5)
Creating and retaining a new generation of agricultural scientists (5)
Markets and policies to make the poor prosperous and food secure (5)
Increase investments in agriculture and infrastructure
IAC report: Priorities on 4 farming systems
Irrig
ated
Mai
ze m
ixed
Tree
cro
p ba
sed
Comm
ercial
Spar
se/a
rid
Fore
st b
ased
Cerea
l/roo
t cro
p ba
sed
Root c
rop
base
d
Highl
and
pere
nnia
l
Agro
/pas
tora
l0
40
80
120
160
Agricultural Value Added (Worldbank) Underweight Children (CIESIN)
Irrig
ated
Maize
mixed
Tree
cro
p ba
sed
Cerea
l/roo
t cro
p ba
sed
100
Priority Farming Systems
Irrigated system
Maize mixed system
Tree crop based system
Cereal root crop mixed system
Hunger Hotspot (CIESIN)
Potential Water & Nutr. limited
Reduced0
2
4
6
8
10
12
IAC report: A Production Ecological Approach
Potential Water & Nutr. limited
Reduced Experimen-tal field
Best farmer Average farmer
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
rela
tive y
ield
limit
ing f
act
ors
reduci
ng
fact
ors unidentified factors
YG
-1
Yield
Gap p
ote
nti
al
YG-2
Yields according to production ecological principles
Yields under actual field conditions
IAC report: Invest in institutions
Design and invest in national agricultural science systems that involve farmers in education, research and extension.
Encourage institutions to articulate science and technology strategies and policies
Increase agricultural research investment on average to at least 1.5 percent of agricultural gdp in African nations in 2015
Cultivate African centres of agricultural research excellence.
Strengthen CGIAR
IAC report: Create new scientists
Broaden and deepen political support for agricultural science.
Mobilize increased and sustainable funding for higher education in science and technology, minimizing dependence on donor support.
Focus on current and future generations of agricultural scientists.
Reform university curricula
Strengthen science education at primary and secondary school levels.
IAC report: Interventions related to marketing
Increase investments in rural infrastructure
Strengthen capacity to expand market opportunities
Reduce barriers to increased African trade with OECD countries
Improve data generation and analysis related to agriculture, food, and nutrition security and vulnerability
Institute effective intellectual property rights regimes to encourage the private sector and facilitate public-private partnerships.
Impact of IAC-report: Alignment in studies
World Development Report 2008
International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD)
MDG: Halving the Hunger: it can be done
Multi-country agricultural productivity programme for Africa (MAPP)
OECD Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Agriculture (POVNET)
FAO The State of Food and Agriculture (2005): Agricultural Trade and Poverty
A New Green Revolution
AGRA programs develop practical solutions to
significantly boost farm productivity and incomes for
the poor while safeguarding the environment.
Implementation IAC report
Technology options that make a difference PASS program AGRA Soil health program AGRA and other programs Integrated programs, leapfrogging to new
technologies (production ecology) Improved ecological literacy, no ecological
dogmatism
Building impact oriented research, knowledge and development institutions
• Strengthening FARA and national programs
• Many private-public institutions
• Global Challenge program Sub Sahara Africa
Implementation IAC report
Implementation IAC report
Markets to make the poor prosperous and food
● SecureCommitment African Union
● Strengthening regional and local markets
● Markets oriented programs AGRA
Progress in Ethiopia - investments
1980s1990s
2000s2009
-
20
40
60
80
100
Trends in agri. investment capital (billion Birr)
Source: Dr. A. Tsegaye, 2012
Progress in Ethiopia - returns
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
Trends in agricultural export value (x1000 USD)
Source: Dr. A. Tsegaye, 2012
Undernourishment (% of total population)
1990-19921995-19972000-20022006-2008
> 35%
30%
20%
10%
< 5%
Source: FAO
Follow-up activities
Consolidation and expansion AGRA
IFDC programs on integrated soil fertility management including market development for input provision and sale of produce
CAADP political commitment of African governments: African-led and African-owned initiative focus on● soil fertility ● marketing ● agricultural research ● food supply and hunger
AAA stimulation of entrepreneurship
Strenghtening food security programs in various countries: USA, DFID, The Netherlands