Travellers of Medieval India

Al-beruni, Ibn Batuta, Francis Bernier

CONTENTS• About Gandhi• His life in SA• New Phase in India’s struggle• Gandhi’s methods and directions• Circumstances leading to Non-Cooperation

Movement• Non Cooperation Movement• Events leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement• Civil Disobedience Movement• Round Table Conferences• Renewal of Civil Disobedience Movement (1932-34)

About Gandhi

• Greatest national leader of India• Became the undisputed leader of Congress• Dominated political scene for 3 decades• Born-2nd Oct 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat• Father- Diwan at Porbandar.• Gandhiji studied Law in England• Worked in SA• Returned to India in 1915 and set up an Ashram at

Sabarmati• Inmates of Ashram observed thruth, non violence,

control of food, non stealing, non possession, fearlessness and the use of Swadeshi goods

Life in SA• Life in SA helped in India• Travelling in a coach• Suffered an insult an pain without resisting• Techinque of Satyagraha or Passive Resistance• Germ of Social Protest- Durban to Pretoria.• The turning point in his life at SA

New Phase in India’s Struggle

• 1919- He plunged into India’s struggle for freedom• Guided the affairs of INC with new techniques• Adopted methods of non-violence and non

cooperation proved successful• Made the Govt see reason by starting CD

movement • Got public support through CD movement to win

freedom for India

Gandhiji’s Methods and Directions

1. Satyagraha2. Swadeshi3. Value Based Politics4. Mass Movement5. Concern for the poor and the oppressed6. Non Co operation Movement

1. SATYAGRAHA

• Against racialism in SA- Philosophy of action- Satyagraha

• 2 major elements- truth & non violence

• Satya- Truth agraha- Force• Passive Resistance- weapon of the weak, Satyagraha

is the weapon of the strong• Gandhi organised peasants to offer Satyagraha

against charging excessive revenue to farmers in Khaira dist

Satyaagraha

2. Swadeshi• Swadeshi was his watchword• Spirit in man which restricts him to- the use

and service of his immediate surroundings to the exclusion of the more remote.

• Directed towards the social and economic upliftment of society, especially of the villages.

• Emphasis on manual labour and Charaka. • Britishers benefit from trade in India

3. Value Based Politics• Introduced moral values into politics• Used =courage, patience and suffering to

achieve higher goals in life.• Advocated legal and extra legal methods to

achieve freedom• Resorted to fast and penance during the

during the communal riots in Kolkata.• Was convinced in not using physical brute

force.• Won international sympathy for his cause

because of his peace-loving attitude.

4. Mass Movement• Before Gandhiji National Movement was

confined to cities, towns and the intellectuals.• He involved masses-women, workers, farmers.• Masses cooperated with him in the Non –

Cooperation Movement and the Quit India Movement

• Exploded the myth of the Moderates that India could be freed with the help of the foreign rulers.

• He made use of the constitutional and extra constitutional mass action in the freedom struggle.

5 .Concern for the poor and the oppressed• Loved the poor and oppressed and won over

their sympathy and support• Worked for the abolition of untouchability.• Set up the Village Industries Association.• Advocated the use of Khaadi in order to

improve the lot of the villages.• 1917- the campaign against the system of

‘indenture’• Fought for the rights of the indigo cultivators

in Champaran in Bihar. Made the British planters refund the illegal collections, succeeded in abolishing illegal practices

• On the day of independence he was busy with riot torn areas in East Bengal

• His greatest movements: Non Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement

Circumstances leading to the Non Cooperation movement

1. The Rowlatt Act of 19192. The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy3. The Khilafat Movement4.

1. The Rowlatt Act 1919- ‘BLACK ACT’

• RA named after the President of the committee.• RA passed a set of new repressive measures to

counter all political unrest, which manifested itself in many situations.

1. Gandhiji-1917- Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar – to fight against indigo planters.

2. Forced the govt to make investigations into farmers’ grievances and fins a solution.

3. Ahemdabad Mill employees strikes in 1918-1919 against exploitation.

4. With Sardar Patel led a successful Kisan campaign in Khaira (Gujarath)

5. Indian soldiers were disillusioned with the political conditions in India

• There was an all round political unrest to counter which the government passed the Rowlatt Act

• According to the RA:1. The Govt could use the extraordinary repressive

powers, it had during the war.2. It could arrest any person without assigning any

reason for the arrest, search any place without a warrant and imprison anyone without trial.

• An all-India hartal was observed on8th April 1919- to show people’s resentment to the inhuman repressive measures.

• Indian Press supported.• Gandhi came to the forefront and took the lead of the

freedom movement in his hands.

2. The Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy• m13th April 1919- people organised a peaceful

general meeting in a small garden in Amritsar (enclosed plot of ground known as Jallianwala Bagh)

• Against the proclamation issued by General Dyer on12th April which forbade public meetings and processions.

• People were not informed of this proclamation.• GD ordered troops to fire without warning the

people, closed the only exit.• Martial Law was proclaimed in Punjab.•

3. The Khilafat Movement • Policy of non violent and non cooperation was used in

India for the first time in Khilafat Movement • Ali Brithers- Mohammed Ali & Shaukat Ali• KM adopted NC programme to fight against the

British.• Programme= boycott of Legislative Councils, foreign

goods, govt Schools and colleges, govt functions and surrendering of titles and distinctions.

• 1921- the KM appealed to all the Muslims not to join the police or armed forces, and not to pay taxes.

• Vast possibility of Hindu Muslim unity, joint front against BI

• Congress extended its support to KM.• Hartals, protests, scenes of Hindu Muslim unity were

witnessed in different parts of the country.• Ali brothers were arrested and jailed in 1921• End of KM= Mustafa Kamal Pasha dethroned the

Turkish Sultan and declared Turkey a secular state.

Non Cooperation Movement

• NCM involved the following:1. Surrendering of the titles and offices and

resignation from nominated posts in the local bodies.

2. Boycott of Government schools, colleges and law courts.

3. Boycott of foreign goods and adoption of Swadeshi.

4. Boycott of election and other Govt functions.

                                        

A Poster brought out during the Non-Co-operation Movement

Repression by the Government • People began to have strikes everywhere• Govt declared the Congress an unlawful organization

and arrested many of its members & volunteers.• People defied Govt orders and were jailed.• Spirit of Sacrifice and Freedom filled the hearts of

the Indians• December 1921- Session of Congress at Ahmadabad-

it was decided to continue the Non Cooperation Movement with greater vigour.

Chauri Chaura Incident• So far – the movement was non violent• A village near Gorakhpur- violent mob stormed and

burnt a police station and killed 22 policemen.• Gandhiji was visibly moved and greatly disappointed• Realised- the country was not yet ripe for a non

violent struggle and suddenly announced the suspension of the movement.’

• Believed that – Violence would breed violence.• Congress leaders were shocked at his decision.• Gandhiji was arrested and sentenced for 6 years

imprisonment and the charge of sedition.

Outcome of the NC Movement• Brought Gandhiji into close touch with the masses.• Masses became active participants in the movement • Gandhiji’s personal identification with rural masses-

total and complete• Lived like a simple villager and became the symbol of

the poor and the downtrodden• The movement surpassed all caste and creed

distinctions in society• Brought Hindu Muslim unity• By bringing about sentiments of nationalism, it tried

to remove caste distinctions in matters relating to the national interest.

• Congress became a revolutionary organization because it adopted a new and changed programme.

• Provided a national base to the Congress making it a genuine revolutionary organization.

• Received the support of the common masses.• Instilled confidence among Indians and made them

bold. • Indians realized by experience- passive resistance

was more powerful than any weapons used by the British.

• They understood the importance of Unity.

Events leading to the CD Movement

1. Simon Commission2. Recommendations of the Commission3. The Congress Session at Lahore

1. Simon Commission 1927• A Commission would be set up to assess the

merits of the Govt of India Act of 1919 at the end of 10 years, in order to advise the Govt about the next step to be taken.

• After its chairman Sir John Simon.• The Commission was - to tour the country-

meet various political leaders- and tell govt about the next constitutional reforms.

• All white and no Indian.

• Self respect of the Indians was hurt.• All the political leaders decided to boycott.

Recommendations of the Commission1. Complete autonomy in the provinces including

the department of Law and order, but the governor should be given over- riding powers in certain matters like internal security.

2. There should be a federal Govt at the centre, consisting of British India and the Princely States.

3. British Troops and British Officers should stay on in Indian regiments for many years.

4. Provincial Legislative Councils should be enlarged.

5. The Governor- General should be free to select and appoint members of his cabinet.

6. High Courts should be under the administrative control of the Govt of India.

• Commission submitted its Report on 27th May, 1930.

• Indian leaders were unhappy because the Commission proposed a limited transfer of power in the provinces with many restrictions.

• Commission granted a political revolution.• Turning point in India’s struggle for Freedom.• CD movement began as a protest against the

Commission.• The Nehru Report and the Demand for Poorna

Swaraj erealso the offshoots of the political excitement created by protests against this Commission.

3. The Congress Session at Lahore

• Annual Session of Congress as Lahore in December, 1929 under the Chairmanship of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, a resolution for complete independence, ‘Poorna Swaraj’ was passed.

• First Independence Day was celebrated on 26th Jan 1930 in Kolkatta.

• Indian National Flag was hoisted and independence pledge by Congressmen.

• 26th Jan 1950 India became Republic and its Constitution was promulgated.

CD Movement• The CWC vested MG with full power to launch the CD

Movement.• CDM was organized to disobey the Laws made by the

British Govt.• Programme- non violent Sathyagraha, boycott of

Schools and Colleges, courts and foreign goods, picketnig of shops, burning of foreign cloth, spinning, large scale fighting against untouchability, breaking the salt laws and ‘no-tax’ campaigns.

                         

                                                                                                                              

     

Newspaper report on the commencement of Dandi

March 12, 1930

                                 

                                                                                        

     

Gandhi and fellow satyagrahis on the march.

                                         

                             

A message from Gandhi

Dandi March• Gandhiji started the CDM ON 12th March 1920 with

his famous Dandi March.• Dandi a village on the sea-cost of Gujarat.• 78 followers walked for 200 miles.• Non violent column marching to Dandi • DM violated the Govt laws which forbade anyone to

manufacture salt.• 1st time in the History of India men & women were

mobilized for the national struggle.• Worked together against harassment of the British

Govt.• Movement spread rapidly.• RESULT British administration was put out of gear in many

places. Midnapur in Bengal went out of the control of the

Govt Peasants in United Provinces refused to pay taxes to

the Govt North West Frontier- the Pathans adopted the policy

of NC under the leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Kahn.

Results of Dandi March

• Leaders and people were arrested on 5th May 1930,Congress was declared illegal, Hartals all over the country, 60,000 were imprisoned, firing at 29 places, Sholapur at Maharashtra became almost independent.

• British failed to suppress the movement. More the repression greater was the determination of the Congress volunteers. Passive resistance of the Congress volunteers against the lathi charges and firing aroused admiration of non Congressmen.

• North West Frontier Province, a Muslim area joined the NM under the leadership of KAGK.

• Band of Volunteers ‘Red Shirts’ paralysed the Govt, Gharwal Regiment posted at NWFP refused to fire on the RSV also called as Kudhai Khidmatgars

• Disobedience of Govt order was a bad Omen for the Govt and began to think ofconciliation.

RTC• Change in Govt in England- Labour Party led by Ramsay

Mac Donald.• Lord Irwin the Viceroy announced that a RTC of British

statesmen and Representatives of British India and Indian States would be held in London in November. 1930.

• To find an acceptable solution to the Indian Leaders for a political settlement.

• The Congress reacted unfavorably.• Congress wanted summoning of a Constituent Assembly

to draft a Constitution for India.• British Govt refused and went ahead with its plan of

RTC.• Congress decided to Boycott and decided to launch

another CDM.•

                                     

           Bidding farewell to his countrymen from the promenade deck of S.S. Rajputana to attend the Round Table Conference in

London. August 29, 193

Gandhi Irwin Pact • Realisation of British Govt.• Thought –they could not underestimate the genuine

feelings of nationalism.• British were eager to compromise.• Sir Tej Bahdur Sapru and D. Jaykar became the

mediators.• Leaders were released from jail in Jan 1931. • Understanding between Gandhiji and Irwin-

Concluded a pact known as GIP. Gandhiji side-CDM was called off, Gandhiji agreed to

attend II RTC in London, agreed to stop boycotting British goods,

Govt side- Viceroy agreed to withdraw ordinances promulgated against CDM, release people from jail, return the seized property, allowed the peaceful picketing of liquor and opium shops and allow people living within some distance of the seas shore to collect or manufacture salt, free from any tax or duty.

II RTC- 1931• Sole representative form Congress- Mahatma Gandhi.• Narrow objects of Muslims Sikhs Christians and

princes and planters.• Gandhiji pressed for immediate and full responsible

Govt.• No agreement communal representation.• Disgusted Gandhiji left England in December 1931.

                                 

                                                    

Gandhi at the Round Table Conference in

London

Renewal of CDM- 1923-34• Gandhi returned – 28th Dec 1931.• Renewed the CDM as per the decision of the CWC

which met on 1st Jan 1932.• Repressive measures by the Govt Congress leaders ere

arrested.• Picketing of British shops and liquor shops, organised

Salt Satyagrahas and violated forest laws, refused to pay rents and revenues, Congress held illegal sessions as it was banned, Land, houses and property were confiscated, national leaders were jailed while the communalists were given a wide scope to inflame communalism.