Course Title: Advance Course on Educational Research Course Code: 3706

ByTAMOOR ZULFIQUAR

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1. Experimental Research2.Experimental Research Designs• True Experimental Designs

▫Pretest-Posttest Control Group▫Posttest Only Control Group▫Solomon Four-Group

• Quasi-experimental Designs▫Time Series▫Nonequivalent Control Group Design▫Counterbalanced Design

• Pre-experimental Designs▫The One Shot Case Study▫One-Group Pretest/Posttest▫Static-Group comparison

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• Experimental is most scientifically sophisticated research method which is defined as ‘observation under controlled conditions’.

• Experimental research design are concerned with examination of the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable, where the independent variable is manipulated through treatment or intervention(s), & the effect of those interventions is observed on the dependant variable (Patidar, J., 2007).

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Source: www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com

•True Experimental Designs

•Quasi-experimental Designs

•Pre-experimental Designs

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•Pretest-Posttest Control Group

•Posttest Only Control Group•Solomon Four-Group

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Experimental designs are considered true experiments when they employ randomization in the selection of their samples and control for extraneous influences of variation on the dependent variable (Cook, T.D. & Campbell, D., 1990).

Source: http://www.rbtaylor.net/rmcj_266_291.pdf

Source: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/intval.php

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Two randomly selected groups are measured before (O1 and O3) and after (O2 and O4) one of the groups receives a treatment (X)

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Source: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/intval.php

Subjects are randomly selected and assigned to two groups. Due to randomization, the two groups are statistically equal. No pretest is given. One group receives the treatment.

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Source: http://www.itdl.org/journal/mar_08/article04.htm

The Solomon design is actually a combination of the Pre-Test Post-Test Design (groups 1 and2) and the Post-Test Only design (groups 3 and 4).

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Source: http://www.slideshare.net/cadella49/observation-test-marketing

Quasi-experimental designs are used when true experiments cannot be done. Several designs have been developed for these situations that are “almost true experiments,” or quasi-experimental designs (Ward, S. 2002). Most common types are:•Time Series•Nonequivalent Control Group Design•Counterbalanced Design

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Source: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/intval.php

Establish a baseline measure of subjects by administering a series of tests over time (O1 through O4 in this case). Expose the group to the treatment and then measure the subjects with another series of tests (e.g., O5 through O8).

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Source: http://www.itdl.org/journal/mar_08/article04.htm

Subjects are tested in existing or “intact” groups rather than being randomly selected. The dotted line in the diagram represents “non-equivalent” groups. Both groups are measured before and after treatment. Only one group receives the treatment.

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Source: http://www.slideshare.net/uroojshafqat/experimental-research-11401013

Subjects are not randomly selected, but are used in intact groups. Group 1 receives treatment 1 and test 1. Then at a later time, they receive treatment 2 and test 2. Group 2 receives treatment 2 first and then treatment one.

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Source: http://www.itdl.org/journal/mar_08/article04.htm

Pre-experimental designs should not be considered true experiments, and are not appropriate for formal research. Data collected with these designs is highly suspect. We will consider the One Shot Case Study design, the One Group Pretest Posttest design, and the Static Group comparison design (James, E., 2008).▫The One Shot Case Study

▫One-Group Pretest/Posttest▫Static-Group comparison

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Source: http://www.slideshare.net/triggerjps/experimental-research-26640946

A single group is given a treatment and then tested.

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Source: https://www.urbanreproductivehealth.org/toolkits/measuring-success/types-evaluation-designs

A single intact group is tested before and after a treatment.

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Source: http://www.education.com/reference/article/quasiexperimental-research/

Two intact groups are tested after one has received the treatment.

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• Borg, W. R., & Gall, M. D. (1999). Educational research: An introduction. New York: Longman.

• Campbell, D., & J. Stanley. (1993). Experimental and quasi-experimental Designs. Chicago: Rand McNally.

• Gribbons, B., & Herman, J. (1997) True and quasi-experimental designs. Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation.

• Kidder, L. H. (1981). Research methods in social sciences. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.