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ETHICS IN COLLECTING & PUBLISHING
RESEARCH EVIDENCE
By Dr. ESTHER JOHN Ph.D (N).,
PRINCIPALGANGA INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES
COIMBATORE.
Research task is incomplete till the report has been presented or published.The purpose of the study/ research is not well served unless the findings are made known to others.
Research is a major force in nursing & the knowledge generated from research is changing the practice,education and health.
ADVANTAGES Authorship conveys professional benefit Promotion and tenure at research institutions
are determined in part by publication. External professional recognition Publication as a demonstration of research
innovation, productivity, independence and expertise in a research area.
It is an agreement by two or more investigates to place their names on each other’s paper to give the appearance of higher productivity.
Mutual support authorship
Ghost authorship:(denial of authorship)
A hired professional writer who writes the manuscript but does not receive authorship credit.
Responsibility of authors and co-authors
Understanding the major points of the manuscript
Correctness Check the manuscript Demand changes Intellectual contribution Binding arbitration Speculative
Honorary authorship: (author inflation)
Dilute the credit due to people who actually did the work, inflate the credentials.
Benign authorship:
Included in a list without their permission. This is done with the benign intention to knowledge.
ORDER OF AUTHORS IN A LIST:
The list of authors should accurately reflect who carried out the research and who wrote the article.
On basis of funding Alphabetical order Collaborative research
Definition: It is a form of legal protection to the authors of original work, preventing others copying them. U.S. copyright office 1999
Copyright act (amendment)
It was passed on 1999 by both upper house and lower house of the Indian parliament and was later on signed by the Indian president on 30th December 1999.
Section 63: Punishable with imprisonment for a term not less than 6 months up to 3 years and with a fine from Rs.50,000 to 2 lakhs.
Section 63A: For second and subsequent convictions-
imprisonment for not less than one year up to 3 years and with a fine from
Rs. 1 lakh to 2 lakhs.
Copying and reproducing copyrighted material:
Factors involved in determining fair use
purpose nature of copyrighted material amount of material copied Effect or value involved
If it is document- 10% or 100 words which ever is less
If it is data- 10% or 2500 cells which ever is less If it is images – 15% or less of a published
collection If it is videos – 10% or 3 min of a published
collection If it is music- 10% or 30 sec of a published
collection
Copying copyrighted material include reference to original source quotations with original source permissions for quotations with two
or more paragraphs written permission for reproducing
tables, figures,graphs,etc Permission to reproduce material
from internet.
Advantages of IPR
Provides exclusive rights to creators Induces them to distribute and share
information and data instead of keeping it confidential
Provides legal protection Offers incentives of their works Helps in socio and economic
development
Misconduct: includes fabrication, or plagiarism in
proposing, performing, and reviewing research or in reporting research results.
Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them
Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.
Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas or processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit
Outcomes of plagiarism:
Public humiliation Damaged reputation Letters of reprimand Withholding or loss of academic
depress Termination of employment Lawsuits
How to avoid it?
all scholars must document sources properly using footnotes, endnotes or parenthetical references
must write a bibliography or references use word processing software have been
developed to detect attempts at plagiarism
idea can be registered as a first step while taking up research
Self-plagiarism-(recycling fraud) when an author reuses portion of
their own published and copyrighted work in subsequent publication but without attributing the previous publication