ESCUELA: CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN

NOMBRES:

ENGLISH PHONOLOGYFIRST BIMESTER

FECHA:

Dra: Carmen Benítez C.

ABRIL / AGOSTO 2009

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INTRODUCTION Purpose Definition Importance Phoneme (example) Conventions (examples) Accent Dialect

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Received Pronunciation BBC Pronunciation Estuary English

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THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

Articulators above the Larynx Pharynx Velum Hard palate Alveolar ridge Tongue Teeth Lips

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Vowels:Distinguished according to

phonetical and phonological points of view.

Cardinal vowels

Classified according to Tongue position: Shape and position of the tongueThe part of the tongue raised

Lip position:

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THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

Classification according to length Short: relativeley short in length

Long: relatively long in length

Length: physical duration of the sound

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LONG VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS

LONG VOWELS:

Tend to be longer than short in similar contexts

Different in: Length Quality

Different according to: Context Presence or absence of stress

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DIPHTHONGS

DEFINITION

CHARACTERISTICS

NUMBER

TYPES

Pure vowels

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VOCING AND CONSONANTSTHE LARYNX

Functions: Permits the pass of air from

the lungs Contain the vocal folds

Anatomy:

Thyroid cartilage cricoide cartilage tracheal rings

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VOCAL FOLDS:

What:

Two elastic bands

Where:

Inside the thyroid cartilages

Attached to arytenoid cartilague cricoid cartilage

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GLOTTIS:What: opening betwen the vocal foldsWhere: inside the vocal foldsFunctions: produce certain types of sounds according to its state:

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Wide apart .- Vocal folds are wide apart for normal breathing and usually during voiceless consonants like p, f, s.

Narrow glottis.- Air passes

through the glottis and the result is a

fricative sound

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Position for vocal fold vibration.- the edges are near touching each other, air passing through the glottis will usually cause vibration.

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Vocal folds tightly closed.- the vocal folds firmly pressed together so that air can not pass between them the resulting sound is one called a glottal stop or glottal plosive.

RESPIRATION AND VOICING

Air in the lungs is forced out, as a result: eggresisve pulmoic airstream important to produce sounds

Process for producing airstream : ribcage is lifted upwaurd and outwards

so lungs are expanded lungs take air as ribcage returns to its

position, the air expeled is used to produce sounds.

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Air is retained as it scapes from the lungs formimg strictures

A stricture: obstruction of air, happens in the larynx if:

vocal folds are in a correct positionair is under enough pressure to be

forced out the glottis. 15

Changes in the vocal folds

Singing

Shouting

speaking quietly

read immitating characteres

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VOICING AND PHONATIONVariations of the subglottal pressureIn Intensity: high: shouting low: speaking quitely

Frequency: high: rapid vibration of vocal cords low: slow vibration of vocal cordsQuality harsh, breathing, murmured creaky

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CONSONANT ARTICULATION: PHASES:

1 articultator against another

2 articulators against each other

Release of air

Presure of air (plosion)

CLOSING

COMPRESION

RELEASE

POST RELEASE

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ENGLISH PLOSIVES:p t k b d g occur initially, medially and

finally

? occurs frequently, alternative pronunciation of p t k in certain contexts

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p b bilabial lips pressed

t d alveolar tongue against the alveolar

k g velar back of the tongue against the velum

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p t k: voiceless

b d g: fully voiced partly voiced Voiceless

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Environments:

Initial CV

MedialCVC

Final VC22

INITIAL POSITION (CV)

Closing phase p t k occur silently

b d g

p t k not voicing

Compresion phase very little voicing / just before r

b d g voicing if pronounced slowly

no voicing rapid speech

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Difference: aspiration not voicing

p t k may not be preceded by s (unaspirated)

b d g can not be preceded by any other consonant

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MEDIAL POSITION (CVCDepends on whether the preceding or following

syllables are stressed or not

Can have the sound of initial or final plosives

FINAL POSITION (CVC)

b d g little voicing beg. of compression phase

p t k voiceless

p t k release phase of both weak not

b dg audible

Difference: vowels preceding p t k are shorter than the ones preceding b d g

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FORTIS AND LENIS

It is not accurate to call these sounds voiced.

Initially – medially scarcely voiced.

p t k produced with more force FORTIS strong

b d g produced with with less force LENIS weak

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THE PHONEMEPhoneme: basic unit of sound, changes meaning

of words

Realization : 2 different ways of making a sound without changing its meaning, they

Occur in the same context Different realizations never occur in different

positions

Complementary Distribution: The separation of places where particular realizations can occur

Allophones: different realizations of the same phoneme.

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SYMBOLS AND TRANSCRIPTIONS PHONEMIC SYMBOLS

Do not indicate precise phonetic value

There are many phonetic symbols according to different authors

PHONETIC SYMBOLS

Indicate precise phonetic value

TRANSCRIPTION:

PHONEMIC

PHONETIC28

TRANSCRIPTION

PHONEMIC: using phonemes / written with the appropriate symbol.

From dictation: Ss listen to a person or recording and write down what they hear

From a written text: Ss are given a passage and use phonemic symbols to represent how they think it should be pronounced by any speaker

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PHONEMIC: Much more accurate in phonetic detail

Narrow: shows exact quality of sounds

Broad: a little more information than a phonemic one

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Symbols differ according to writers We are not looking at all of them We are using the BBC pronunciation and

symbols (cambridge dictionary)

Reasons : Some have established a minimum set of

nonstandard symbols. Others have thought on quantity Others in quality Others in both

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PHONOLOGY PHONETICS:

The comparative straightforward businesss of describing the sounds used in the language

PHONOLOGY:

How phonemes function in the language, the relationship among them (abstarct side of the language)

IMPORTANCE:

To acquire a full understanding of the use of sounds in the English language

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FRICATIVES AND AFFRICATES FRICATIVES:

Definition: sounds in which air escapes through a small passage making a hissing sound, also called continuants because you can make them without any interruption (sssssss)

AFFRICATES:

Definition: sounds that begin as plosives and end as fricatives; ʧ begins in t and ends in ʃ.

The sequence kf is not considered a single sound because they need to be homorganic.

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English Fricatives:

f θ s ʃ fortis

V ð z ʒ lenis

English Affricates

ʧ fortis shorten preceding vowel (final in the syllable

ʤ lenis

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NASAL AND OTHER CONSONANTSDefinition: sounds in which the airflow leaves

through the nose

m n occur frequently in initial position

ŋ never in initial position, but in middle position, quite frequent

ŋk sequence pronounced as ŋ

ng sequence pronounced sometimes as ŋ, sometimes as ŋg

ŋ finger ŋg singer ŋ hang

complete morpheme part of a morpheme end of a word35

The consonant ll is a lateral consonat, the airflow leaves through the sides of the tongue.

Occurs in initial, medial and final positions

Clear l before a vowel (back of the tongue raised)

Dark l after a vowel (realized different, front of the tongue raised)

Devoiced l after p or t36

The consonant rr is an approximant, in which the tongue approaches the alveolar but never gets close enough to produce a complete consonant such as nasal or fricative

Occurs only before vowels

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The consonants j and wApproximant sounds (semivowels)

Phonetically (way of pronouncing) are like vowels.

Phonologicaly (distribution) are like consonats.

After p, t, k they are devoiced

j palatalw bilabial

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THE SYLLABLETwo points of view Phonetically: way of producing them, way they sound:

consist of a center with little or no obstruction and which sounds comparatively loud (vowel). Before and after the center a great deal of obstruction (consonant)

Minimum: single vowel I aɪ:Onset: consonat before vowel pear pe:Coda: vowel before consonant are a:Onset and coda consonat vowel consonant put pʊt

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Phonolgically: possible combinations of English phonemes

Syllables start with: A vowel 1, 2 or 3 consonants More than 3 is impossible

Syllables end with A vowel 1,2,3 or 4 consonats More than 4 is impossible

THANKS

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