PHONETICS ORGANS OF SPEECH PHONEMES

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

The study of speech sounds as they occur in a particular language

The study of speech sounds in the human language, especially how parts of vocal apparatus work together to produce certain sounds

There are three kinds of phonetics; Phonetic articulatory

It studies the vocal organs, through the use of which we articulate the sound of speech

Phonetic acousticIt studies sound waves, which is the physical way in which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another

Phonetic auditoryIt studies the way in which human beings perceive the sounds through the medium of earAya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

The active articulators lower lip tongue

The passive Articulators upper lip upper teeth roof of the mouth

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Tip of the tongueBlade of the tongueFront of the tongueCenter/middle of the tongueBack of the tongue

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Alveolar ridgeAlveopalatalHard palate/palatumSoft palate/velum

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Consonantis formed when the air stream is restricted or stopped at some point between the vocal cords and the lips

Vowelis a sound that need an open air to the passage in the mouth. The air passage can be modified in terms of shape and with different mouth and tongue shapes producing different vowel

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a speech sound which is articulated with some kind of stricture, or closure of the air stream

formed when the air stream is restricted or stopped at some point between the vocal cord and the lips

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1.The state of the glottis: in vibration (voiced) or open (voiceless)

2.The state of the velum: Lowered (nasal) or raised (oral)

3.The place of articulation: Where the stricture occurs (Place of maximum interference) and what articulators are involved

4.The manner of articulation: The amount of stricture, Whether it is complete, partial (called close approximation), or relatively open (open approximation), and how the air goes out.

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BilabialLabiodental InterdentalAlveolarAlveopalatalPalatalVelarGlottal

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PlosiveNasalFricativeAffricateLateralTrillRetroflexSemivowel

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Articulated by shaping the tongue in the mouth Have significant regional and individual variation in

inventory of vowel sound Use differences in length combined with differences in

quality to distinguish the vowels Have difficulties to tell where the tongue is when they

are produced Are all voiced Produced with open approximation Have two kinds; Monophthong & Diphthong

(Monophthong means single vowel and during the production of the sound doesn’t involve tongue movement)

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1. The position of the tongue that form the resonance chamber

Front vowel Central vowel Back vowels

2. The height of the tongue High vowels Mid vowels Low vowels

3. The shape of the lips Rounded vowels Unrounded vowels (spread or neutral)

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4. The degree of closeness Close Half-close Half open open

5. The length of the pronunciation of the vowel by keeping the position of the speech organs. The length is also known as quantity Long vowels Short vowels

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

It is double vowels and the process of the production involves the movement of the tongue (glide) from one vowel position to another

Represented phonetically by two letters. The first showing the starting point and the second indicating the direction of the movement.

There are two kinds of diphthong;1. Closing diphthong

The position directs to the close vowels e.g. ei, ai, oi, au, ou 2. Centering Diphthong The position moves to the center vowels e.g. i∂, e∂, o∂, u∂

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

Aya's Prop/Int to Ling (2)

Sound that distinguish meaning e.g. pin-bin There are two kinds of phoneme1. Segmental Phoneme (consonants,

vowels, diphthong)2. Suprasegmental Phoneme (Intonation, pitch, stress, etc)

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analysis features which extend over more than one segment

accompany speech sounds and sometimes a feature of the entire utterances rather than of any individual sound

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1. IntonationIt refers to the various tones of voice. There are two kinds of intonation; raising and falling.2. StressIt refers to the degree of force or loudness. It indicates the importance of certain words in phrases and sentencesThere are three levels of stressPrimary marked by an acute accent (´)Mid marked by a grave accent (`)Unstressed unmarked or marked by a breve (ˇ)3. PitchIt refers to normal melodic height of an individual’s speech. 4. TempoIt is associated with the speaker’s frame of mind

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Taken from the word allos ‘other’ & phone ‘sound’ is a predictable variants of the phonemes

It is the individual members of a class of sound (a phoneme), or the pronounceable or concrete realization of an abstraction (a phoneme)For example;/p/ [p ] port, party, computer, etc (aspirated)

[p] sport, spring, etc (unaspirated) [p ] cap, rope (unreleased)

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A consonant cluster occur when two or more consonant sounds come together

The position of the cluster1. Initial position

e.g. splash, strain, tray, through, fury, beauty,

shred, etc2. Final position e.g. swept, depth, box, itched, lips, scripts,

silks, fiddle, etc.

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