Energy Efficiency: Challenges and Opportunities

Leading Global Energy Solutions

Energy Efficiency:

Challenges and Opportunities

David AustonExecutive Director,

Institute for Energy Efficiency

University of California

Santa Barbara


The Energy Crisis – An Overview


Energy Efficiency– 5 Dimensions

3

Economic: Our current use of energy is highly inefficient --- less

than half does useful work!

Environment: Greenhouse gases from fossil fuels are changing

the earth’s climate.

Resources: In a few hundreds years we are depleting natural

resources that took millions of years to form.

Security: Our dependence on imported oil and gas from politically

unstable regions poses major security risks.

Health: Burning fossil fuels is a major source of respiratory

illness.


Evolution of Energy Consumption

0 50 100 150 200 250

Primitive

Hunting

Primitive Agriculture

Advanced Agriculture

Industrial Era

Technological Era

x1000 kCal per Day

Food

Home and Commerce

Industry and Agriculture

Source: “The Flow of Energy in

an Industrial Society”, Earl

Cook, Scientific American 1971


U.S. Historical Energy Consumption

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1635

1655

1675

1695

1715

1735

1755

1775

1795

1815

1835

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1949

1951

1953

1955

1957

1959

1961

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

Wood

Hydroelectric

Nuclear

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Coal


Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide


Global Temperature & CO2

Source: World Bank: “Development and Climate Change Report”, 2010


Per Capita Emissions vs Population

Source: World Bank: “Development and Climate Change Report”, 2010


CO2 Emissions Per Capita by State

•Electricity •Industrial •Transport •Commercial •Residential


Location, Type, and Size of U.S. Power Plants

Source: Benchmarking Air Emissions,

M. J. Bradley & Assoc. 2010


Global Oil Reserves, 2004

Source: World Resources Institute


World Coal Reserves

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

United States

Russia

China

India

Australia

South Africa

Poland

Brazil

Germany

Canada

Indonesia

Turkey

Pakistan

Bulgaria

% Share of World Coal Reserves

12


Pollutants from Fossil Fuels

Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal

Carbon Dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000

Carbon Monoxide 40 33 208

Nitrogen Oxides 92 448 457

Sulfur Dioxide 1 1,122 2,591

Particulates 7 84 2,744

Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016

13

Source: DOE Energy Information Administration

Source: Over View & Summary, America’s Energy Future, NAS 2010 (Based on LLNL Data)

U. S. Energy Consumption 2007 (quads)


Global Access to Energy


Global Access to Energy

1.4 billion people have no access to electricity,

and they are most in rural areas.

3 billion people continue to rely on solid fuels

(traditional biomass and coal) for cooking and

heating – at very high cost to productivity and

health.

Source: “ENERGY POVERTY: How to make modern

energy access universal?”, International Energy Agency 2010

Center for Energy Efficient MaterialsAn Energy Frontier Research Center of the

Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Sciences

17


Number and share of population relying on

biomass for cooking, 2009

Source: “ENERGY POVERTY: How to make modern energy access

universal?”, International Energy Agency 2010


Premature annual deaths from

household air pollution and other diseases


Institute for Energy Efficiency

Solar Powered Reading LightSolar Powered Reading Light


Ghana Rollout (July 18)Distributed through Churches in Ghana


Communicating Energy Efficiency to the Public


Public Priorities – U.S. 2010

Source: Pew Foundation


Should Economy or the Environment have Priority?

Source: Gallup 2010


Public Support for Mitigation (U.S)

Source: Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change; NAS 2010


Investment by Country & Sector 2009 ($B)

Source: “Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race”, Pew Foundation 2010.


U.S. Industrial R&D Spending as % Sales

U.S. Federal Budget 2010 ($Billions)


Federal Subsidies (2002-2008)

29

Source:

Environmental

Law Institute

2010


Low Cost Efficient Renewable Energy


Cost of Electricity, U.S. (2007)

Source: Overview & Summary,

America’s Energy Future, NAS 2010


DOE $1 per Watt PV Goals

Photovoltaic at $1/watt (installed):

By 2017, demonstration of all key components

and installation methods in systems at least 5MW in size and initial

production orders made

Target could be met with systems installed on the ground or on

buildings

Earth-abundant materials and recyclable components

Meets all applicable safety and environmental standards


Worldwide Solar Pv is Growing Rapidly


PV Module Costs Falling, but Slowly


Multi-junction Solar Cells


Alan Heeger – Nobel Laureate 2000

Jan 4 2010 36


Concepts and Opportunities

37


38


39


Konarka Plastic Ribbon Solar Cell

Jan 4 2010 40


Solar Bikini

Jan 4 2010 41


Window/Solar Cells

Jan 4 2010 42


"Treat the earth well: it was not given to you by your parents,

it was loaned to you by your children. We do not inherit the

Earth from our Ancestors, we borrow it from our Children.”

Native American Proverb

Science and Technology for a Sustainable Energy Future

UC Santa Barbara

44

Education

Energy Efficiency: Challenges and Opportunities