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Lecture for Level 5 Individual Differences
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Emotions and Mood: An Environmental Psychology Perspective
Jenna Condie | University of Salford | @jennacondie
Image Creative Commons : Thoth, God of Knowledge #salfordpsych
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Do you know what the University of Salford’s research themes are?
They are…
1. Energy2. Media, Digital Technology and the Creative
Economy3. Built Environment4. Health and Wellbeing5. Memory, Text and Place
#salfordpsych
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Health and Well being
Media, Digital Tech
& the Creative Economy
Built Environment
Energy
Memory, Text and Place
Psychology#salfordpsych
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Lecture Aim
To think critically about emotions and mood from an environmental psychological perspective
Today we are going to disagree with
Albert Einstein!that isn't me.
The environment is everything
Image Creative Commons : dnwallace #salfordpsych
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Lecture overview:Problematise the ‘mainstream’ lit first: • Debunk concepts of emotion & mood• Theories of emotion • Personality and affect• The relationship between affect and environments
Emotions and mood from an #enviropsych perspective second:• Stress and the city• Restorative effects of natural environments• Place attachment and identity
#salfordpsych
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Basic Emotions Complex emotionsHappiness, interest, surprise, disgust, sadness, distress, anger, fear…
Pride, shyness, jealousy, guilt, shame, embarrassment, self-consciousness…
Basic Moods Complex moodsHappiness, interest, surprise, disgust, sadness, distress, anger, fear…
Pride, shyness, jealousy, guilt, shame, embarrassment, self-consciousness…
From Slater and Bremner (2011)
#salfordpsych
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The difference between emotion and mood? Beedie et al., (2005)
• Interviewed 106 participants • Identified 16 themes e.g. cause, duration, control,
experience, consequences, intentionality• Revealed 60% agreement between academics
(journal papers) and non-academics (interviews)
“The terms emotion and mood represent a conundrum for
psychologists” (p. 847)
8Source: Beedie et al., (2005), p. 864
#salfordpsych
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The Importance of Language
“Because we are able to say that emotion and mood are different does not mean that they are…Emotion and mood may be different words for the same construct or different words for different constructs. Either way, it is incumbent on psychologists to attempt to clarify the exact nature of emotion and mood” (Beedie et al., 2005, p. 848)
#salfordpsych
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Essentialism
“Because we are able to say that emotion and mood are different does not mean that they are…Emotion and mood may be different words for the same construct or different words for different constructs. Either way, it is incumbent on psychologists to attempt to clarify the exact nature of emotion and mood” (Beedie et al., 2005, p. 848)
#salfordpsych
Realism – reality is ‘out there’ waiting to be discovered
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Emotion and mood as socially constructed
“Because we are able to say that emotion and mood are different does not mean that they are…Emotion and mood may be different words for the same construct or different words for different constructs. Either way, it is incumbent on psychologists to attempt to clarify the exact nature of emotion and mood” (Beedie et al., 2005, p. 848)
#salfordpsych
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Russell (2003, p. 145)
“In the psychology of human beings, with passions as well as reasons, with feelings as well as thoughts, it is the emotional side that remains the more mysterious. Psychology and humanity can progress without considering emotion —about as fast as someone running on one leg”
#salfordpsych
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Basic Emotions Theory (Tomkins, 1962)
Eight basic fundamental and universal affects:
1. Interest-Excitement2. Enjoyment-Joy3. Surprise-Startle 4. Distress-Anguish5. Disgust-Revulsion-Contempt6. Anger-Rage7. Shame-Humiliation 8. Fear-Terror
stuartpilbrow
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Differential Emotions Theory (Izard, 1993)
• Built on Tomkin’s work• 12 basic emotions: – Interest, Enjoyment, Surprise, Sadness, Anger,
Disgust, Contempt, Fear, Guilt, Shame, Shyness, Hostility inward
• Universal & innate• Evolved due to their adaptive value
#salfordpsych
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Psychology has preferred affects and states
Affects• Beedie et al., (2005) argue that psychologists have
used the term affect to get round emotion/mood issue.
States• Changing all the time in relation to what we experience
(life events) (Cooper, 2005, Ch 12).• Unlike personality traits which are thought to be
___________?
NB: Terms used interchangeably #salfordpsych
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A day in the life of a person
Personality Traits
Emotional State
Wake up At Work Break Time Phone Call Bus Home TV Bed
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Personality and Affect
Image: Creative Commons Licence andrewrennie
• Personality and affect interwoven• Traits are emotional (Kowalski & Westen, 2004)• Most personality theories pay tribute to affect• E.g. Trait theories and affect (aka temperament)– Neuroticism (affects of anxiety, hostility, depression)– Extroversion (affects of warmth, positive emotions)
• Overemphasis on depression and anxiety (Pervin, 2003)
• Neglect of everyday moods from personality research (e.g. shame, love, guilt, content).
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The problem with personality theories
• Essentialist– Thinking of ourselves as having a particular nature
or ‘essence’ – This nature determines what we can do, how we
can feel. • See emotion as internal, private experience,
predetermined by personality/who you are. • What about emotion as based in the
physical/external world?Adapted from Burr (2003, p. 30)
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Emotional Regulation
Need to understand people as in physical environments
Not just an “inner homeostatic mechanism” but an “interaction
with the social and physical environment”
(Korpela, 2003, p. 331).
Defined as the activity of coping with moods and
emotional situations
Image Creative Commons: DavidSpinks
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Environments as mood-regulators
People as sensitive to particular locations; entering or moving through a place can induce changes in mood (Kerr & Tacon, 1999; Staats et al., 1997).
People seek out particular places to regulate mood
(Korpela, 2003).
Image Creative Commons : Nomad Within (Pete DeMarco) #salfordpsych
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Stress and the city
• Simmel (1950) described urban residents as more reserved, indifferent and latently hostile than rural residents.
• Environmental stressors e.g. crowding, noise, air pollution
• Noise as most researched environmental stressor (Bell et al., 1996)
#salfordpsych
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Noise annoyance as an emotion
Miedema (2007) argued that two emotions, anger and fear, influence noise annoyance
“Noise annoyance is a psychological concept which describes a relation between an acoustic situation and
a person who is forced by noise to do things he/she does not want to do, who cognitively and emotionally
evaluates this situation and feels partly helpless”
Guski et al., (1999, p. 525).
#salfordpsych
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Natural vs built environments
• People prefer natural over built environments (van den Berg, 2007).
• Pro-rural and anti-urban ideologies have existed since the 1800s (van den Berg, 2007).
• Hartig et al., (2003)• Positive affect increased and anger decreased in
participants walking in a nature reserve. • Opposite emerged for urban environment. • Concluded preventive benefits if urban populations have
easy pedestrian and visual access to natural settings. • Natural settings for emotional well-being.
#salfordpsych
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Restorative Environments
Ulrich et al., (1991) – natural as restorative • 120 subjects viewed a stressful movie, and then
were exposed to videos of natural and urban settings.
• Natural environments resulted in a shift towards positive emotional state.
• Support for Ulrich’s psych-evolutionary theory (1983) – that we evolved in natural environments & are therefore designed for natural rather than urban settings?
infomatique #salfordpsych
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Creating places that make us feel good
HM Government (2011) The Natural Choice White Paper“Evidence suggests that a healthy natural environment is a cost-effective tool that can help local authorities to:• support economic and social regeneration,• improve public health, • improve educational outcomes, • reduce crime and antisocial behaviour,• help communities adapt to climate change; and • improve quality of life across an entire area.”
http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/natural/documents/newp-summary-la-110607.pdf #salfordpsych
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Once upon a time, I lived there
#salfordpsych
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The relationship between affect and environments
“We know from our everyday experiences that we, across time, evolve bonds toward certain places, e.g. where we were born and brought up, where we live and work” (Knez, 2005, p. 207).
Physical environments as ‘place’
Flickr: cc Pimlico Badger #salfordpsych
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Place attachment
Definition: the emotional bonds between a person and their environments (Altman & Low, 1992)
• Guiliani (2003) we should recognise that affective bonds or attachments to place have a central role in qualifying our existence, whether that is positive or negative.
Image Creative Commons Licence Tim . Simpson
#salfordpsych
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Happiness: a basic emotion
Happy at Home Index (Rightmove, 2012)#salfordpsych
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North-South Divide
#salfordpsych
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My PhD research
• How environmental conditions are negotiated within constructions of ‘place’ and ‘identity’
• People locate themselves in ‘place’ with an emotional connection a house that ‘felt right’ ‘fell in love with it’ ‘love it here’
To counter the voices of ‘others’ who consider
living alongside railways as ‘disruptive’
#salfordpsych
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William James asked “what is emotion?” in 1884. We still do not know.
Therefore, in your writing: Mood ‘is’….
Emotions ‘are’….. Mood has been related to emotion by [insert author here] who argued that… Emotions have been considered as…
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Seminar: Sensory walking methods
Do you know the range of environments that are five minutes walk away?
Have you heard of the Meadows?
Artist’s impression of new student accommodation at Peel Park
#salfordpsych
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References (1 of 4)Altman, I., & Low, s. (1992) Place Attachment, New York: PlenumBeedie, C., Terry, P., & Lane, A. (2005) Distinctions between emotion and mood, Cognition & Emotion, 19, p. 847-878 [available with Athens password]Bell, P., et al., (1996) Environmental psychology. Orlando: Harcourt College Publishers. Burr, V. (2003) Social Constructionism, London: RoutledgeCooper, C. (2010) Individual Differences and Personality, Third Edition, London: Hodder EducationGuiliani, M. (2003) Theory of Attachment and Place Attachment. In M. Bonnes & T Bonaiuto (Ed.) Psychological Theories for Environmental Issues, Hants: Ashgate PublishingGuski, R., Felscher-suhr, U., & Schumer, R. (1999) The concept of noise annoyance : how international experts see it, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 223, 513-527Hartig T., et al., (2003) Tracking restoration in natural and urban field settings, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23, p. 109–123
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HM Government (2011) The Natural Choice - White Paper, Available at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/natural/whitepaper/ (date accessed: 25/04/2012)Izard, C., (1993) Four Systems Theory of Emotion Activation: Cognitive and non-cognitive processes, Psychological Review, 100, p. 68-90Kerr, J., & Tacon, P. (1999) Psychological responses to different types of locations and activities Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, p. 287–294Knez, I. (2005). Attachment and identity as related to a place and its perceived climate. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25, 207–218. Korpela, K. (2003). Negative mood and adult place preference, Environment and Behavior, 35, p. 331–346.Miedema, H. M. E. (2007). Annoyance caused by environmental noise: elements for evidence-based noise policies, Journal of Social Issues, 63(1), p. 41–57.Pervin, L.A. (2003) The Science of Personality, Second Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press
References (2 of 4)
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References (3 of 4)Rightmove (2012) Happy at Home Index, Available online at: http://www.rightmove.co.uk/news/files/2012/02/Rightmove-Happy-At-Home-Index.pdf (date accessed 23/04/2012) Russell, J. (2003) Core Affect and the Psychological Construction of Emotion, Psychological Review, 110(1), p. 145–172 Russell, J. A., & Snodgrass, J. (1987) Emotion and the environment. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.) Handbook of environmental psychology, New York: WileySimmel, G. (1950). The metropolis and mental life. In K. H. Wolff (Ed.), The Sociology of George Simmel. New York: Free Press.Staats, H., Gatersleben, B., & Hartig, T. (1997). Change in mood as a function of environmental design: Arousal and pleasure on a simulated forest hike. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 17, p. 283-300.Tomkins, S. (1962) Commentary. The ideology of research strategy. In S. Merrick & J. Ross (Ed.) Measurement in Personality and Cognition, New York: Wiley
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References (4 of 4) Ulrich, R. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In I. Altman & J. F. Wohlwill (Eds.) Human Behavior and Environment, New York: Plenum PressUlrich, R., Simons, R., Losito, B., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. & Zelson, M. (1991) Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 201-230.Van Den Berg, A. E., Hartig, T. & Staats, H. (2007) Preference for Nature in Urbanized Societies: Stress, Restoration, and the Pursuit of Sustainability. J of Social Issues, 63, 79-96.
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Emotions and Mood: An environmental psychology perspective
Jenna Condie University of Salford E: [email protected] T: @jennacondie
Image Creative Commons : Thoth, God of Knowledge