Fundamentals of Electronics

Electronic Circuit

Is composed of different components that are classified as

Passive Active Components.and

Passive Components or device

Are components that do not generate voltage but controls the current in a circuit.

e.g.

Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors etc.

Passive Components

Active Components

Are components that can be generate amplify and even controls the current in a circuit

e.g.

Diode, Transistor, Integrated Circuits (IC)

Active Components

Basic Electronic symbols

A. Resistor Family

- An electrical component that is used to oppose the flow of current

Resistor

(5 types of Resistor)

1. Fixed resistor- To limit the current.

2. Tapped resistor (fixed)

-A wire-wound fixed resistor having one or more additional terminals along its length.

3. Variable resistor (potentiometer)

-is used in circuits to vary the magnitude of resistance passing through the resistor.

4. Trimmer resistor (variable)-is a miniature variable resistor (rheostat) used mainly in place of a fixed resistor permit convenient adjustment of resistance in a circuit.

5. Light dependent resistor (LDR)- A resistor is not depended on light to function a simplied. however there are devices that do change resistance as exposed to external photons source.

B. Capacitor Family

Capacitor

– An Electrical device consist of two plates separated by an insulators called “Dielectric” and has the capability to charge and discharge voltage.

( 6 types of Capacitor)

1. Fixed Capacitor- is constructed in such manner that it possesses a fixed value of capacitance which cannot be adjusted.

2. Polarized Capacitor (Electrolytic or Tantalum)

-have large leakage current if the voltage is inverted.- This are most like a battery.

3. Non-polarized Capacitor (AC Capacitor)

- are needed at AC applications in series or in parallel with the signal (or power).

4. Varactor or Capacitive diode- are commonly found in communication equipment where electronic tuning is a necessity. They are an important component of radio frequency or RF applications.

5. Trimmer Capacitor (variable)- having variable capacitance; used for making fine adjustments.

6. Tuning Capacitor (variable)- in a radio is involved in determining the frequency of an oscillator somewhere in the radio. As that capacitance is varied, the frequency of the oscillator changes.

C. Coil FamilyCoil

-is an inductor.

-an electrical device formed by an insulated wire, wound in a coil around a core having the capability to store energy in its electromagnetic field.

- Inductors are frequently found in tuning and filter circuits.

Inductor

- Are used in electronic circuits to introduce inductance.

D. Semi-Conductor Family

Diode

- an Electronic device that permits current to pass or to flow in only one direction.

Transistor-a semi conductor device use for amplification and switching application in electronic circuits.

Thyristor – a class of four layer semi-conductor device used to control AC voltage application

14 Types of semi- conductor Family

1. Crystal Diode-Is a wafer of nature quarts on ohm piece electric material having a definite thickness that makes it vibrate at a predetermined frequency when connected in a circuits.

2. Rectifier diode- A device which performs the opposite function

(converting DC to AC) is known as an inverter.

3. Zener diode - is a special kind of diode which allows current to flow in the forward direction in the same manner as an ideal diode, but will also permit it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value known as the breakdown voltage, "zener knee voltage" or "zener voltage".

4. FET diodeis a specific type of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor ,designed to handle significant power levels. Compared to the other power semiconductor devices, its main advantages are high commutation speed and good efficiency at low voltages. It shares with the IGBT an isolated gate that makes it easy to drive.

5. Tunnel diode or (ezaki diode)Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor diode which is capable of very fast operation, well into the microwave frequency region, by using the quantum mechanical effect called tunneling.

6. Diac-diode for alternating current', is a diode that conducts current only after its breakover voltage has been reached momentarily.

7. Photo diode- is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode.

8. Light emitting diode (LED)

- is a semi conductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.

9. Silicon Sensitive diode (SCR)- is a four-layer solid state current. The name "silicon controlled rectifier" or SCR is General Electric's trade name for a type of thyristor. This device is generally used in switching applications.

10. Triac- triode for alternating current), an electronics component

11. Quadrac- are a special type of thyristor which combines a "diac" and a "triac" in a single package. The diac is the triggering device for the triac.

12. Photo transistorLike diodes, all transistors are light-sensitive. Phototransistors are designed specifically to take advantage of this fact.

13. NPN and PNP Transistor

14. P-Channel (j-fet transistor) and N- Channel (j-fet transistor)

E. Other Components

are components that are Commonly use in creating a device.

1. Loudspeaker

-An electric device used to convert electrical signal to sounds

3. Battery- An energy source that uses a chemical reaction to convert chemical energy to electrical energy. It is composed of zinc, magnesium and a metal connector and lead out

4. Ground

Common reference point of circuits

5. Antenna

6. Fuse

- Intercepts and collects the radio signal that comes from the transmitters of radio or T.V stations.

-a protective device that blows open when there is excessive current flow in the circuits.

7. Push-button Switch (Normally open)

8. Push button Switch (Normally close)

Switch- - A mechanical device that is used to turn On and OFF a circuits. momentarily control the power in the circuit.

Color Coding Resistor

Tolerance- allowable resistance more or less then the actual resistance

Multiplier- Used to multiply the significant digits to find the actual value of the resistor

1st and 2nd significant digit- read identified as is Power Rating of resistor

Carbon composition Carbon film

Metal film

High- power wire wound ceramic

Color coding of carbon composition resistorThe Standard EIA Color Code Table per EIA-RS-279 is as follows

Color 1st band 2nd band(Multiplier)

3rd band(tolerance)

4th band (Coefficient)

Temperature

Black 0 0 x1

Brown 1 1 X10 ±1% 100ppm

Red 2 2 X100 ±2% 50ppm

Orange 3 3 X1000 15ppm

Yellow 4 4 X10000 25ppm

Green 5 5 X100000 ± 0.5%

Blue 6 6 X1000000 ±0.25%

Violet 7 7 X10000000 ±0.1%

Grey 8 8 X1000000000 ±0.05%

White 9 9 x10000000000 ±5%

Gold X0.1 ±10%

Silver X0.01 ±20%

None

Brown-red-brown-silver1 2 0 ±10%

Value reading = 120 ohms

Rated value=Lowest allowed value= ??

Highest allowed value=??

120 ± 10%10% of 120= 12

120-12=108

120+12=132