Alex Castao. Monitoria Teora del EstadoEl Leviatn. Thomas Hobbes

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Thomas HobbesEl Estado de naturalezaEl Leviatn

Animated color pictures shrink onto slide(Intermediate)

Tip: This slide design includes three large, circle-shaped pictures. Each picture has a 12 diameter and is larger than the slide. You will want to use drawing guides to reproduce the effects on this slide.

To display and set the drawing guides, do the following:On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. On the View tab, in the Show group, select Ruler. Right-click the slide background and select Grid and Guides. In the Grid and Guides dialog box, under Guide settings, select Display drawing guides on screen. (Note: One horizontal and one vertical guide will display on the slide at 0.00, the default position. As you drag the guides, the cursor will display the new position.) On the slide, do the following:Press and hold CTRL, select the vertical guide, and then drag it left to the 2.83 position. Press and hold CTRL, select the vertical guide, and then drag it right to the 2.83 position.Press and hold CTRL, select the horizontal guide, and then drag it up to the 0.83 position.

To reproduce the first animated picture effect on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert.On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the down arrow under Crop, and then click Crop to Shape. Under Basic Shapes, click Oval (first row, first option from the left).Select the oval picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 12 and the Width box is set to 12. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the picture. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Animation Pane. Add a Fade effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animations group, click Add Animation, and then, under Entrance, click Fade. The Fade effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Fade effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Fade dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Shrink effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Emphasis, click Grow/Shrink. The Grow/Shrink effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Grow/Shrink effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Effect tab, set the Size option to Custom: 20%.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Motion Path effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Motion Paths, click Lines. The Lines Motion Path effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Lines Motion Path effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)In the picture, the motion path is visible as a two-headed arrow. Drag the red endpoint of the arrow to the intersection of the drawing guides in the upper left area of the slide (2.83 vertical left and 0.83 horizontal top).

To reproduce the second animated picture effect on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert.On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the down arrow under Crop, and then click Crop to Shape. Under Basic Shapes, click Oval (first row, first option from the left).Select the oval picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 12 and the Width box is set to 12. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the picture. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Animation Pane. Add a Fade effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animations group, click Add Animation, and then, under Entrance, click Fade. The Fade effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Fade effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Fade dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Shrink effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Emphasis, click Grow/Shrink. The Grow/Shrink effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Grow/Shrink effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Effect tab, set the Size option to Custom: 20%.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Motion Path effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Motion Paths, click Lines. The Lines Motion Path effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Lines Motion Path effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)In the picture, the motion path is visible as a two-headed arrow. Drag the red endpoint of the arrow to the intersection of the drawing guides in the upper middle area of the slide (0.00 vertical and 0.83 horizontal top).

To reproduce the third animated picture effect on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Picture. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert.On the slide, select the picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the down arrow under Crop, and then click Crop to Shape. Under Basic Shapes, click Oval (first row, first option from the left).Select the oval picture. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, click the Size and Position dialog box launcher. In the Format Picture dialog box, on the Size tab, resize or crop the picture as needed so that under Size and rotate, the Height box is set to 12 and the Width box is set to 12. Resize the picture under Size and rotate by entering values into the Height and Width boxes. Crop the picture under Crop from by entering values into the Left, Right, Top, and Bottom boxes. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following:Click Align to Slide.Click Align Center.Click Align Middle. On the slide, select the picture. On the Animations tab, in the Advanced Animation group, click Animation Pane. Add a Fade effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animations group, click Add Animation, and then, under Entrance, click Fade. The Fade effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Fade effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Fade dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Shrink effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Emphasis, click Grow/Shrink. The Grow/Shrink effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Grow/Shrink effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Effect tab, set the Size option to Custom: 20%.In the Grow/Shrink dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)Add a Motion Path effect to the picture:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then, under Motion Paths, click Lines. The Lines Motion Path effect appears in the Animation Pane.In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Lines Motion Path effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: After PreviousDelay: 0 secondsDuration: 2 seconds (Medium)Repeat: (none)In the picture, the motion path is visible as a two-headed arrow. Drag the red endpoint of the arrow to the intersection of the drawing guides in the upper right area of the slide (0.83 horizontal top and 2.83 vertical right).

To reproduce the animated text effects on this slide, do the following:On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box.Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. Format the text in the textbox using the following steps:On the Home tab, in the Font group, choose the Candara font and a font size of 24.Click the arrow next to Font Color, and then under Theme Colors click White, Background 1 (first row, first option from the left).In the Paragraph group, click Center.Make three copies of the text box using the following steps:Select the text box. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow next to Copy, and then click Duplicate. Repeat this step to create a total of three identical text boxes.Position the text boxes using the following steps:Drag a text box so that it is centered on the left vertical drawing guide at 2.83 and below the horizontal drawing guide at 0.00.Choose a different text box, and then drag it so that it is centered on the vertical drawing guide at 0.00 and below the horizontal drawing guide at 0.00.Choose the remaining text box, and then drag it so that it is centered on the right vertical drawing guide at 2.83 and below the horizontal drawing guide at 0.00.Select the text inside each text box and change it to the caption text you want.Select the first (left) text box, and then do the following:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then click More Entrance Effects.In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, click Float Down, and then click OK. In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Float Down effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Float Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 2 secondsDuration: 1 seconds (Fast)Repeat: (none)Select the second (middle) text box, and then do the following:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then click More Entrance Effects.In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, click Float Down, and then click OK. In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Float Down effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Float Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 3 secondsDuration: 1 seconds (Fast)Repeat: (none)Select the third (right) text box, and then do the following:In the Advanced Animation group, click Add Animation, and then click More Entrance Effects.In the Add Entrance Effect dialog box, under Moderate, click Float Down, and then click OK. In the Animation Pane, click the arrow on the Float Down effect, and then click Effect Options.In the Float Down dialog box, in the Timing tab, set the following options:Start: With PreviousDelay: 4 secondsDuration: 1 seconds (Fast)Repeat: (none)

To reproduce the background effects on this slide, do the following:On the Design tab, in the Background group, click the Format Background dialog box launcher. In the Format Background dialog box, in the left pane, click Fill. In the Fill pane, click Picture or text fill, and then, under Insert From, click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert.Also the Format Background dialog box, in the left pane, click Picture Color. In the Picture Color pane, in the Recolor section, click the button for Presets, and then click Grayscale (second option from the left).

Thomas HobbesNace el 5 de abrilde1588en Westport cerca de Malmesbury,Reino de Inglaterra y muere el4 de diciembrede1679.Filsofo ingls.Algunas obras:El LeviatnElementos del derechoTratado sobre el ciudadano

Cmo se llega al Leviatn?

Estado de naturaleza

Estado de naturalezaEs un modelo, supuesto, hiptesis:Acaso puede pensarse que nunca existi un tiempo o condicin en que se diera una guerra semejante, y, en efecto, yo creo que nunca ocurri generalmente as (Hobbes, p. 103).

Por qu hay guerra?Al hombre no le gusta reunirse con otros. Se rene porque alguien o algo lo obliga.El hombre es egosta y quiere que los dems lo valoren de la forma en que se valora a s mismo.El hombre es orgulloso. Ante seas de desprecio busca hacerse respetar.La discordia se causa por:Competencia bsqueda de beneficioDesconfianza bsqueda de seguridadGloria bsqueda de reputacin

Por qu hay guerra?Al hombre no le gusta reunirse con otros. Se rene porque alguien o algo lo obliga.El hombre es egosta y quiere que los dems lo valoren de la forma en que se valora a s mismo.El hombre es orgulloso. Ante seas de desprecio busca hacerse respetar.La discordia se causa por:Competencia bsqueda de beneficioDesconfianza bsqueda de seguridadGloria bsqueda de reputacin

Estado de naturalezaEs un estado de guerra: todos contra todos.No debe entenderse como una situacin efectiva de guerra, sino como una situacin en la que hay voluntad de batallar.En el estado de guerra no hay oportunidad para la industria.Existe continuo temor y peligro de muerte violenta.No hay seguridad para nadieVida del hombre: solitaria, pobre, embrutecida, breve, tosca.

Estado de naturalezaNada es injusto:No existe el derechoNo existe la ilegalidadNo existe la injusticiaNo existe leyVirtudes de la guerra: la fuerza y el fraude.No existe la propiedad ni el dominio.Es un estado de miseria.

Pero el hombre tiene pasiones que lo inclinan a la paz:Temor a la muerte (proteger la vida y tener seguridad)Deseo de las cosas que son necesarias para una vida confortableY el deseo de obtenerlas por medio del trabajo (proteger la propiedad)

Leyes de la naturalezaSon preceptos de la raznSon normas de pazSe puede llegar a ellas por mutuo consensoDerecho de naturaleza (ius naturale): libertad de hacer lo que se quiera para proteger la vida.Libertad: ausencia de impedimentos externos (definicin negativa de libertad)Derecho (ius) ley (lex)Derecho: libertad de hacer u omitir algoLey: obliga a hacer u omitir

Mientras la libertad negativa de un individuo se refiere a que "le permiten", nadie se lo impide, la libertad positiva se refiere a que "puede" por contar con recursos y capacidades necesarios (Tomado de Wikipedia: Libertad positiva)

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La renuncia a los derechosQu es renunciar a un derecho a cierta cosa?Es despojarse a s mismo de la libertad de impedir a otro el beneficio del propio derecho a la cosa en cuestin.Es autolimitar la posibilidad que se tiene para impedir a otro que obtenga beneficio de algo.Diramos que renunciar a un derecho es privarse del derecho que se tiene para impedir que otro se beneficie de algo.Renunciar a un derecho no implica dar un derecho:La otra persona ya tena el derecho.Estoy dejndole el camino libre, sin obstculos

La renuncia a los derechosPor qu se renuncia a los derechos?Por la esperanza de algn bien futuroQu se puede renunciar?Todo, siempre que de la renuncia derive algn bien para quien renuncia.Hay ciertos derechos inalienables:VidaIntegridad fsicaLibertad

Cmo se renuncia a un derecho?

Injusticia e injuriaInjusticia: es el hecho de omitir voluntariamente aquello que en un principio voluntariamente se hubiera hecho.

El contratoEs la mutua transferencia de derechos.Los conceptos de pacto o convenio, observancia de promesa o fe, violacin de la fe, donacin liberalidad o gracia, promesa, merecimiento, juramento, etc., giran en torno a la idea de contrato.Pacto o convenio: uno de los contratantes cumple la obligacin, y confa en que el otro cumplir la suya despus.

Leyes de la naturaleza

Leyes de la naturaleza

Leyes de la naturaleza

Leyes de la naturalezaNo hagas a los otros lo que no querras que te hicieran a tiLas leyes de la naturaleza son como una dieta: obligan a un deseo y esfuerzo, a juicio mo un esfuerzo genuino y constante, [por eso] resultan fciles de ser observadas (Hobbes, p. 130).Son leyes inmutables y eternas.

De las personas, autores y cosas personificadasPersona: aquel cuyas palabras o acciones; son consideradas o como suyas propias, o como representando las palabras o acciones de otro hombre, o de alguna otra cosa a la cual son atribuidas, ya sea con verdad o por ficcin (Hobbes, p. 132).Persona = actorPersonificar: actuar o representar a s mismo o a otro.

El EstadoCul es la causa del Estado?Es el cuidado de la conservacinLogro de una vida ms armnicaSEGURIDADCmo se genera el Estado?Confiriendo todo el poder y fortaleza de las personas a un hombre o a una asamblea de hombres, todos los cuales, por pluralidad de votos, puedan reducir sus voluntades a una voluntad.No es un consentimiento o concordia.Es una unidad real

El EstadoDefinicin:Una persona de cuyos actos una gran multitud, por pactos mutuos, realizados entre s, ha sido instituida por cada uno como autor, al objeto de que pueda utilizar la fortaleza y medios de todos, como lo juzgue oportuno, para asegurar la paz y defensa comn (Hobbes, p. 141).

BibliografaHOBBES, Thomas. El Leviatn.