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Topics Covered
• Objective of curriculum
• Curriculum Development Cycle
• Overview of national curriculum
What is Curriculum?• Curriculum simply means `a course of study.'
• Curriculum development is the process of designing a course of study according to a set of requirements.
Let’s examine what happens in each step of the curriculum development/revision cycle. This cycle is a dynamic system that helps each school re-vitalize and replenish what is taught to its students.
Needs Assessment
• For one child in special education, this would include his test scores
• For a campus, this might include achievement test data, attendance, graduation, college-going rate, and others
Types of assessments
Normative such as• Achievement tests• IQ tests, group and individual• Learning styles inventories• Adaptive behavior
Criterion-referenced such as• Individual testing• Individual or analytical reading inventories
Don’t forget the qualitative information. For either one child or for a school, interest inventories can tell a lot, as can opinion polls.
Writing Goals (second step)
• Goals do not have to be behavioral, but should be translatable into behavioral language• Need enough goals to
point the way
Writing objectives (3rd)
• Objectives are more detailed• Audience, behavior,
conditions, degree• In cognitive, affective,
and psychomotor domains• Assessments should be
written from objectives
Selecting content (4th)• For MRs, keep in mind the mental age of the person or
persons being written for. Chronological ages are deceiving.• For special ed., keep it very utilitarian. The content must be
useful . . . These will remember, at the most, one-half of what normal persons would.
• Build on students’ past experiences.
Organization of content (5)• Logical sequencing of content always helps. • Build in some repetition• Provide for loop-backs for students to re-visit things that they
may have forgotten• Spiral curriculum is one very effective plan
Selection of learning experiences
• Learning experiences do not stand alone--they must relate to objectives• Fun!• Interesting!• Multi-sensory• Use technology as often
as possible
Adaptation to teaching situation
For campuses, this seventh section is where teachers make adjustments to make the new curriculum their own and in their own ways in their classrooms.
For special education, this is where the related services sometimes come in; special transportation, special technology, nurse care, counseling on demand, wheelchairs, medical assistance.
Evaluation of curricula
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1st
Qtr
3rd
Qtr
K1
K2
K3
A1
P1
• For many years, this was the step never taken• Check to see how many
students reached each objective• For special education,
it’s the end-of-year meeting
The evaluation at the end of one curriculum cycle feeds right into the needs assessment of the next. In this way, the curriculum of the school--or for one child--is perpetually replenished and revitalized.
17
Enrollment & Drop-outs up to Intermediate Level 2000 & 2005
Up to Class 12
Up to Class 10
Up to Class 8
Up to Class 5
0.076
1.311
3.074
12.480
Inter & HSSC*
Secondary
Middle
Primary
Student Enrolment in Public Institutions
1999-2000 2004-05
Dropout Stage
Dropouts 1999-2000
Dropouts 2004-05
0.708
1.479
3.323
14.829
30.14%
22.41%
24.5%
53.0%
0.023
0.294
0.753
6.614
15.7%
15.68%
15.9%
31.3%
0.111
0.232
0.528
4.641
0.539
1.316
6.865 46.30%
39.60%
36.44%
During Inter/HSSC
During Secondary (SSC)
During Middle
During Primary
After Middle
After Primary
After Secondary
Total: 16.941 Million Total: 7.684 Million Total: 5.512 MillionTotal: 20.339 Million
Note: (i) Total eligible for enrolment (3 to 16 age group): 50.270 million 52.256 million(ii) Enrolment in Public and Private Institutions: 25.072 million 33.379 million(iii) Enrolment in Public Sector: 16.941 million 21.258 million(iv) Children do not enroll. 25.198 million 18.877 million
* Data for Inter/HSSC relate to Academic Year 2000-01.
1999-2000 2004-2005
Number of Deeni Madaris by Enrolment and Teaching staff
Area
No. of Deeni Madar
is Covere
d
No. of Deeni
Madaris Refusal
No. of Deeni
Madaris for
which Data is
Collected
Enrolment
Teaching
Staff
Pakistan 12979 826 12153154924
2 58391
Punjab 5459 159 5300 674281 24977
Sindh 1935 119 1816 312693 11951
NWFP 2843 275 2568 336983 12058Balochistan 769 99 670 65597 2891
ICT 77 15 62 10557 657
FATA 135 43 92 14162 481
FANA 1193 39 1154 88540 3160
AJK 568 77 491 46429 2216
Source: National Education Census (NEC), 2006
1. Uniform academic session from 1st of September throughout the country.
2. Free education upto Matriculation.3. Provision of free textbooks.4. Grant of scholarships and incentives to girl
students.5. English language compulsory from Class-1
onwards.6. Composite examination at Matric level
throughout the country from 2007, province of Sindh will adopt it in 2008.
7. Provision of missing facilities in schools through PESR (Rs. 1.05 billion for 2006-07).
Reforms Undertaken
Continue…
8. Introduction of English as medium of instruction for Science, Mathematics and Computer Science. Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies in Urdu in all schools.
9. Social Studies for Classes VI-VIII bifurcated into History and Geography as compulsory subjects.
10. New Scheme of Studies approved and notified with effect from 2007.
11. Budgetary allocations for education increased.
Continue…
New curriculum: Information Technology / Computer
Education from Class-VI. All duplication in subjects eliminated. Contents do not reflect thinking of any
particular sect / school of thought. Ethics, moral education and Haqooq-ul-
ibad included. Curriculum upgraded to ensure latest
developments / ideas in science and technology. Progressive with vertical and horizontal linkages.
New Groups i.e. Medical Technology Group and Computer Science Group introduced in Class XI-XII.
Continued…
13.Ordinance issued for regulatory authority for registration of private sector educational institutions.
14.Format of the question papers for the Board examinations revised. The papers will have three parts:
i. 20% objective questions. The questions will have multiple choices.
ii. 50% questions for short answers.
iii. 30% questions for descriptive answers.
- During 2006 teachers being trained to prepare children to answer questions on this pattern from 2007.
Continue…
15. NAVTEC established to ensure: i. Vocational Schools: at each Tehsil and
at industrial clusters. All dropout from schools be encouraged to enroll.
ii. Polytechnic Institutes: at District level for matriculates to produce technicians /supervisors.
iii. Technical Colleges: 4/5 in each province for F.Sc. qualified students to produce technical graduates.
16. Teacher’s status improved, recruitment of female teachers given priority.
17. National textbook policy formulated.18. Curriculum for the following eleven
core compulsory subjects have been revised:
IslamiatIII-XII
Physics IX-XII
Urdu I-XII Chemistry IX-XIIEnglish I-XII Biology IX-XIIPakistan Studies
IX-XMathematics I-XII
History VI– VIII
General Science IV-VIIIGeography VI-VIII
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