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Physical Education
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Historical Development of Physical Education
CurriculumKIN 125
www.starkcenter.org
Bernarr MacfaddenAugust 16, 1868-October 12, 1955
• http://www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden6.html
• http://www.bernarrmacfadden.com/macfadden4.html
Study of History
• Influence of individuals
• Innovations
• Institutions
• Impact of Social Forces
Social Forces
• Religious Influences
• Immigration
• Philanthropy
• Urbanization
• Industrialization
• Educational Movements
• Technological Developments
Religious InfluencesColonial America
• Puritans: New England Colonies
• Anglican: Middle Colonies
Immigration
• German Turners
• Settled in Midwest America during the 1840s
• Introduction of German gymnastics in school systems
Philanthropy
• Mary Hemenway in Boston
• Introduction of Swedish System
Urbanization
• Health Problems associated with demographic changes
• Increase demand for recreation
• Promotion of sport for entertainment
• Need for social health concerns
Industrialization
• Modifications in labor conditions
• Consumerism
Educational Movements
• Development of European models in America
• Harvard and Yale modeled after Oxford and Cambridge
• Round Hill School: Northampton, Mass.
Johann Bernhard Basedow1723-1790
∗First to recognize the importance of exercise
∗Required a specific uniform for his students to allow unrestricted
movement
∗Offered a camp for 2 months during the summer for the children
∗Was known as a difficult man to work with
For More Information go towww.bookrags.com/Johann_Berhard_Basedow
Technological Developments
• Mass Media
• Developments in transportation and communication
• Mass production of consumer goods
Curriculum Development: 19th Century
• Beck, Follen, and Lieber
• German Gymnastics
• Friedrich Ludwig Jahn: Father of Gymnastics
• 1848 Friedrich Hecker in Cincinnati
• Large Muscle development
Charles Beck1798-1866
⋆Friend and follower of Jahn
⋆Was hired to teach Latin and Physical Education in the form of
German gymnastics
⋆Became the first official Physical Education teacher in
America
From Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuthsFrom Gymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuthsGymnastik für die Jugend (1793) by GutsMuths
Turnplatz
Swedish Gymnastics
• Father of Swedish gymnastics: Per Henrik Ling
• Introduced in Boston through philanthropic efforts of Mary Hemenway
• Baron Nils Posse Training Institute
• Alternative to German gymnastics
• Light gymnastics with therapeutic emphasis
Per Henrik Ling
Father of Swedish gymnastics
Lewis System
• Dio Lewis, M.D.
• Medical gymnastics (new gymnastics)
• First physical education teacher training institute: 1861 in Boston
Diocletian (Dio) Lewis1823-1866
♣ Did more to promote physical education than any other single
individual♣ Wanted the feeble, old, fat, frail and women to have a system they
could use♣ Opened the Normal Institute of
Physical Education in Boston♣ Invented bean bags and wooden
dumbells♣ Also used music to enhance his
exercisesFor More Information go to:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis
Beecher System
• Catherine Beecher of famous Beecher family
• Developed calisthenics for females
• Two female schools: Cincinnati and Hartford
• Called for the importance of physical activity for females
Hitchcock System
• Edward Hitchcock, M.D.: hired as the first physical educator to have professorial rank, in 1861. He had the status of Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Hygiene at Amherst College
• Development of anthropometrics
• Group calisthenics accompanied to music
Sargent System
• Dudley Sargent, M.D., hired in 1879 as Assistant Professor of Physical Training and Director of Hemenway Gymnasium, Harvard University
• Anthropometrics
• Individual Exercise program
• Over 90 patents for exercise machines
Dudley Allen Sargent1840-1924
☺ Invented over 80 machines, using pulleys & weights
☺ Contributed to anthropometric measurements
- He took these measurements and compared them with standards at a given
age, whereupon a series of prescribed exercises was given to meet the demands
of each particular case
Growth of Intercollegiate Sport
• Began as class rivalries in the 1820’s
• Developed into club teams in the 1840’s
• First Intercollegiate contest in 1852: rowing match between Harvard and Yale
• First Intercollegiate football contest occurred in 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton
Intercollegiate Growth (cont.)
• International collegiate match in 1869 between Harvard and Oxford on the Thames River
• Football is modified in 1874
• By 1880’s attendance of over 40,000 spectators during national championship
• President Roosevelt convenes White House meeting in 1905
Interschool Athletics
• Popularization of school sports in the early 1900’s
• Organization of state associations in the 1920’s
Recreation
• Urban recreation programs as early as 1827 Boston opens the first municipal recreation center
• 1820’s boating clubs in Boston• 1842 New York Knickerbockers• 1845 Alexander Joy Cartwright codifies
baseball rules• Amateur baseball clubs throughout the
north east
20th Century
• In 1910 Clark Hetherington introduces the “new physical education” (see pp.40-41; 231-232)
• Broadens the view that neuromuscular activities in the form of play leads to character development
• The view that physical education activities contribute to the goals of education
20th cent. Cont.
• Philosophical view of Education Through the Physical. Espoused that physical education contributed to social and moral development.
• Jesse Feiring Williams
• Jay Nash
• Thomas Wood
• Luther Gulick: YMCA triangle
Two Philosophical Views
• Education of the Physical: the importance of training the physical as a goal in and of itself.
• Education through the Physical: utilization of sports and games to develop behavioral goals such as social and moral development.