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For IGCSE O-Level Biology students Chapter 12
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DRUGS
DRUGS
StimulantsCaffeine NicotineEcstasyCocaineAmphetamin
e
Depressants
AlcoholPain killersSolventsHeroin
MorphineCodeine
Hallucinogens
LSDCannabis
STIMULANTS
STIMULANTS
All stimulants increase nervous activity.
Heart rate &wakefulness are also increased.
CAFFEINE
Present in coffee beans, tea leaves. It is a mild stimulant that increases
wakefulness.
AMPHETAMINE
Increases alertness, decreases fatigue. increases blood pressure and decreases
accuracy.
ECSTASY
Gives a feeling of wellbeing & increases sociability.
Followed by depression. Increases blood pressure, heart rate &
dehydration. Long-term use: damages brain cells.
COCAINE Gives a feeling of excitement Followed by depression It is very addictive Long-term use: damages arteries and
causes mental disorders
DEPRESSANTS
DEPRESSANTS
All depressants decrease nervous activity by acting as
endorphins ;our body’s natural pain reliever.
They suppress pain, increase relaxation, decrease heart rate & increases reaction time = slow responses.
They impair judgment. Excessive doses inhibits breathing
center in the brain causing death.
ALCOHOL It depresses the CNS; giving a feeling of well being, decreases
anxiety, increases confidence but it decreases the ability to do activities requiring skill and accuracy as well as impairing judgment.
Slows down reaction time therefore it is very dangerous to drink and drive.
It increases vasodilation in the skin, giving a warmer feeling but increases heat loss.
Large doses cause unconsciousness, breathing stops & death. 90% is detoxified by the liver, 10% is excreted by the kidney. Pregnancy: decreases baby weight; ill, deformed or still born
babies result from regular drinking. Long-term effects: damage of liver = cirrhosis.
MORPHINE, HEROIN & CODEINE. Morphine is a chemical extracted from part of the
opium plant. It is used medicinally to stop pain, especially after
surgeries. As well as stopping pain it increases well being and
decreases anxiety. Heroin & codeine are prepared by chemical reactions
to morphine. They are very addictive. Sharing needles to administer these drugs leads to
blood poisoning, hepatitis and AIDS.
SOLVENTS
Sniffing glue, aerosols give a strong but short drunkenness feeling. Dizziness and loss of coordination is then followed by headache, vomiting, convulsions, runny nose and blood shot eyes.
Large doses may lead to unconsciousness. Long-term use damages the kidney, liver
and brain.
HALLUCINOGENS
HALLUCINOGENS
These drugs work like brain transmitters; altering the way you perceive things. Making you see, hear and feel things
that are not true.
MARIJUANA/CANNABIS
Was used to relieve pain before discovering aspirin.
Increase well being, detachment & sometimes hallucinations
Learning ability and memory are impaired Long- term effects: damages lungs, CNS,
immunity & reproductive system. It decreases sperm count and sexual drive in males.
LSD
Cause distorted vision, sound, sometimes strong nightmarish hallucinations that sometimes lead to lethal accidents.
ALL DRUGS
Interfere with brain function Damage the body Cause tolerance: a larger dose is
needed to get high. Causes dependence or addiction Cause withdrawal symptoms that range
from cravings, to nausea, sickness, muscular pain, uncontrollable shaking & hallucinations.
COMPARING DEPENDENCE AND ADDICTION OF VARIOUS DRUGS
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF DRUG ABUSE Loss of jobs Spending all money to support the
habit Destruction of family life Loss of interest in appearance and
hygiene Addicts become involved in criminal
activity to fund their habit