1. 1. DIFFUSION OF MOBILEDEVICES INEDUCATIONKanelia CannonEDUC 7101, Walden University
2. 2. What is Diffusion?Diffusion is the process in which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system.-Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations
3. 3. Mobile Devices in Education
4. 4. NeedWhat problem or need existed that gave rise to mobile devices in education?
5. 5. ResearchWhat research organization or people developeda solution to this problem or need? What were their findings? Who were the lead thinkers for this innovation?
6. 6. DevelopmentWhat problems did this innovation encounter in the development process? Who was the intended audience for the innovation?
7. 7. CommercializationDescribe the production, manufacturing, packaging, marketi ng, and distribution of this innovation.
8. 8. KnowledgeMobile Devices (3G)
9. 9. Persuasion PROSCONSAnytime, anywhere access to content.May make it easier to cheat.Can enhance interaction between and among Could give tech-savvy students an advantagestudents and instructors. over non-technical students.Great for just-in-time training or review ofCan create a feeling of isolation or of being out-content.of-the-loop for non-techies.Can enhance student-centered learning.May require media to be reformatted or offeredCan appeal to tech-savvy students in multiple formats.Support differentiation of student learning needs Might render some content outdatedand personalized learning.Could require additional learning curve for non-Reduce cultural and communication barrierstechnical students and faculty.between faculty and students by using Phones can and will go off in lessons.communication channels that students like.There is an inclusion argumentFacilitate collaboration through synchronous andBullyingasynchronous communication. InsuranceVersatility of smartphoneshttp://www.deanz.org.nz/home/conferenceDocs/MacCallum.pdfhttp://joanganzcooneycenter.org/Reports-23.html
10. 10. Decision, Implementation, &ConfirmationM-learning: how much of what has been diffused? A systematic literature review
11. 11. S-Curve
12. 12. S-Curve
13. 13. S-Curve Education is expensive, and, while donors will give moneyfor innovation, there comes a time when they would like tosee the innovations turned into mainstream activities. The larger portion of the education and training population(the early and late majority) (Rogers, 2003), somevaguely interested, some downright skeptical, have noevidence that m-learning is effective beyond the pilot andexperimental phase. Every paper that deals with a pilot, oris focused on the technology, and is not followed up withfurther and broader research reinforces this perception. From a discipline perspective, it appears that m-learning isnot yet part of the mainstream educational multimedia, andis still struggling to establish itself.-Masters, 2008, p. 5
14. 14. Adopters and PerceivedAttributesAdopters Innovators/Early AdoptersLaggards Pre-service teachersTenured teachers 1st year K-12 teachersFinancially unstable school districts Financially affluent school districts Rural school districts Schools Demonstrating Excellence (AYP)Strategies for Undergraduate courses/instruction published research beyond pilots,Adoption Pilot/Trial programstrials and projects Technology and training is readily accessible evidence that m-learning is effective Appealing to them as active users of mobile devices and Donors/partnerships applications personally and professionallyPerceivedRelative AdvantageAttributes most learners already have access to mobile devices which helps to lower costNeeded for lower selling price of mobile devicesCritical Massdonors will give money for innovation award incentives state/district mandates Compatibility How can mobile devices enhance face-to-face learning? Is it effective? How is this similar/different from using a personal computer? Are mobile devices needed in the classroom? Complexity How much time will this require to implement? Is this more work? What strategies will have to utilize? How will this be monitored? Will there be training/professional development?
15. 15. Centralized vs. DecentralizedI believe a decentralized approach to diffusionwould be most effective for the K-12 educatorand classroom.
16. 16. Key Change Agents K-12 Classroom Teacher Opinion Leaders Technology CoachesAdministrators
17. 17. How to Reach Critical Mass? For the K-12 environment, I recommend that highly respected individuals within the schools be targeted (i.e. key change agents) as well asoffering incentives for early adoption.
18. 18. Why is this Needed?The Partnership for 21st Century Skills is a strong advocate for 21st century readiness for students. Their Twenty-First Century Student Outcomes express the skills, knowledge and expertise students need for work and life in order to be successful:1. Core Subjects and 21st Century Themes;2. Learning and Innovation Skills 1. Creativity and Innovation 2. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving 3. Communication and Collaboration3.Information, Media and Technology Skills 1. Information Literacy 2. Media Literacy 3. ICT Literacy4.Life and Career SkillsThese outcomes require students to communicate, collaborate, be globallyaware, and apply technology effectively.Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (n.d.) Framework for 21st century learning. Retrieved fromhttp://p21.org/overview
19. 19. Why is this Needed?Carly Shuler (2009), a researcher in the childrensmedia and toy industry, also recognizes theneeded and added benefits of mobiles devices ineducation. Improve 21st-century social interactions Mobile technologies have the power to promote andfoster collaboration and communication, which aredeemed essential for 21st-century success. Fit with learning environments Mobile devices can help overcome many of thechallenges associated with larger technologies, asthey fit more naturally within various learningenvironments.Shuler, C. (2009). Pockets full of potential: Using mobile technologies to promote childrens learning. New York: The JoanGanz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop
20. 20. Meeting Our Needs The use of mobile devices helps to meet the21st Century Student Outcomes. Learning is not confined to a time and place. Easier access to learning Increases motivation Content is adaptable to meet individual needs Improved communication and organization Increases independent learning
21. 21. Great Resources Number 1: Kids with iTouches video Number 2: St Marys City Schools project Number 3: Learning 2 go project Number 4: 50 Top m-learning resources Number 5: Top 50 iPhone Apps forEducators Number 6: 7 Things you should knowabout Mobile apps for learningE-Moderation Station from Nick Hockly
22. 22. It is no longer a question of whether we should use these devices to support learning, but how and when to use them. -Michael H. Levine, the executive director of the New York City-based Joan Ganz CooneyCenterTrotter, A. (2009). Mobile devices seen as key to 21st-century learning. Digital directions, 2(4). Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/2009/01/09/04mobile.h02.html.
23. 23. References [Become office administrator online image]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ehow.com/how_2068962_become-office-administrator.html [Black header online image]. Retrieved from http://www.harcoboe.com/jes/Resources.cfm [Classroom laptops online image]. Retrieved from http://www.edugamer.org/app/blog/?p=195 [Cloud mobile devices online image]. Retrieved from http://wp.synesisintl.com/mobile-development [Diffusion of innovations adopter categories online Image]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.jeffbullas.com/2011/07/19/7-reasons-why-google-drives-hyperactive-engagement/ [Diffusion of innovations book cover online image]. Retrieved fromhttp://ebookstore.sony.com/ebook/everett-m-rogers/diffusion-of-innovations/_/R-400000000000000032727 [Hero online image]. Retrieved from http://www.shaanhaider.com/2012/01/5-of-best-educational-apps.html [Kids ipad online image]. Retrieved from http://education.kqed.org/edspace/2012/01/18/mobile-devices/ [Mobile devices online image]. Retrieved from http://blegroup.com/mobile-devices-current-status-and-trends-2011-2012/ [Mobile graphic online image]. Retrieved from http://edtechweb.wordpress.com/2010/11/23/week-12-mobile-wireless-and-ubiquitous-learning/ [Mobile learning devices online image]. Retrieved from http://learninginhand.com/pbl [Pockets of potential online image]. Retrieved from http://www.calvin.edu/~dsc8/mobile-learning.htm [Principal online image]. Retrieved from http://www.wcsd.k12.ms.us/tes/index.htm [Student ipad online image]. Retrieved from http://empowerbpo.typepad.com/blog/2012/01/give-students-mobile-devices-to-maximize-their-learning-time.html [Students using mobile devices online image]. Retrieved fromhttp://sigml.iste.wikispaces.net/HigherEducation
24. 24. References [Teacher online image]. Retrieved from http://edudemic.com/2011/05/private-school-pay/ [Working group online image]. Retrieved from http://www.polismed.org/?page_id=1059 Hockly, N. (2010, June 9). Mobile learning # 6: Six key m-learning resources [Web log comment].Retrieved from http://www.emoderationskills.com/?p=188 International Telecommunications Union. (2008). [Graph illustration of cellular phone subscribers].Five billion mobile subscribers by 2011. Retrieved fromhttp://stats.areppim.com/archives/insight_mobile.htm MacCullum, K. (n.d.). Adoption theory and the integration of mobile technology in education.Retrieved from http://www.deanz.org.nz/home/conferenceDocs/MacCallum.pdf Masters, K. (2008). M-learning: How much of what has been diffused? A systematic literaturereview. In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia andTelecommunications 2008 (pp. 5790-5795). Chesapeake, VA: AACE. Retrieved fromhttp://www.editlib.org/p/29185. Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (n.d.) Framework for 21st century learning. Retrieved fromhttp://p21.org/overview Potential of Mobile Learning Emerges. (2009). Electronic Education Report, 16(2), 4. Rogers, E.M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. New York, New York: Free Press Shuler, C. (2009). Pockets full of potential: Using mobile technologies to promote childrenslearning. New York: The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop The Economist (2011). [Graph illustration on the growth of the gadget]. Mobile devices (3G).Retrieved from http://conmoz.org/mobile-trends/mobile-devices-3g/?lang=en Trotter, A. (2009). Mobile devices seen as key to 21st-century learning. Digital directions, 2(4).Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/2009/01/09/04mobile.h02.html.