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Jeff Johannigman's slides from the Serious Games and ILS Symposium at DevLearn 2008
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DevLearn 2008:Immersive Learning Immersive Learning
SimulationsSimulationswith
Jeff Johannigman, People Type Consulting
Jeff JohannigmanJeff Johannigman is founder of People Type Consulting, an Austin-based firm that works with companies who want to improve their teamwork and leadership, and with individuals who want to find more fulfilling careers.
Jeff’s career began in the computer game industry in Silicon Valley. As a programmer, designer, and eventually producer, he has worked on over 25 published games, including several award-winning hits, for such companies as Electronic Arts, Origin, MicroProse, and Atari.
In the mid-nineties, he left the game industry to pursue a career in human resources, training, and career management. He has designed and delivered both classroom and online training for a wide variety of clients, including the University of Texas, IBM, Dell, Whole Foods, Motion Computing, and Drake Beam Morin.
Jeff considers himself educationally schizophrenic, holding a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from Cornell University and a Master of Arts in Human Services from St. Edward's University.
Jeff’s First Computer – The Atari 800
I’ve worked on over 25 games from…
So I had to ask myself…
“What am I doing to people’s lives?”
Why Leave the Games Business?
“Anyone who makes a distinction between games and learning clearly does not know the first thing about either one.”
- Marshall McLuhan
“Game designers have a better take on the nature of learning than curriculum designers.”
- Seymour Papert, MIT
Can I make games thatteach something useful?
What is this cat doing?
a. Playingb. Learningc. Workingd. All of the above
For Example…
Let’s Talk About Game Design
““One of the most One of the most difficult tasks people difficult tasks people can perform, can perform, however much however much others may despise others may despise it, is the invention of it, is the invention of good games.”good games.”
- Carl Jung- Carl Jung
Define – What is “Fun”?
“Fun arises out of mastery. It arises out of comprehension. It is the act of solving puzzles that makes games fun. In other words, with games, learning is the drug. … That’s what games are, in the end. Teachers. Fun is just another word for learning.”
- Raph Koster, from “A Theory of Fun for Game Design”
“Fun is the emotional response to learning.”
- Chris Crawfordauthor of Chris Crawford on Game Design
Define – What is a “Game”? “A game is a form of art in which participants,
termed players, make decisions in order to manage resources through game tokens in the pursuit of a goal.”
- Greg Costikyan “One or more causally linked series of challenges in a
simulated environment.”- Andrew Rollings & Ernest Adams
““A series of interesting choices.”A series of interesting choices.”- Sid Meier- Sid Meier
A game is not…A game is not a TOY
• Toys are free-form and open-ended.• Games have structure, rules, and goals.
A game is not a PUZZLE• Puzzles are static and have one solution.• Games are dynamic and require strategies.
A game is not a STORY• Stories are linear and passive.• Games are non-linear and interactive.
• Responsible
• Valuable
• Serious
• Important
• Sometimes Tedious
• Empowering
• Good for you
What Words Go With “Learning”?
• Fun
• Monopoly, Chess, Candyland, Doom, etc.
• Childish
• Violent
• Frivolous
• Addictive
• For males under 30
• May not be good for you
What Words Go With “Games”?
Can We Marry “Learning” and “Games”?
…or will they just get “Knocked Up”?
Survey Says… It works!
Survey Says… We Want Some Help
Survey Says… We Are Using Them More
…but there are two BIG barriers
…Management Distrusts “Games”
“For our corporate university, games have been perceived as ‘unprofessional’ and we have not considered adding them. Games don’t fit with our corporate identity as a highly technical, safety and reliability-driven engineering firm. Corporate leadership would be extremely skeptical of anything less than the traditional ‘serious’ learning model.”
“The key in our organization is getting executives to understand that ‘Learning’ and ‘Playing’ are NOT mutually exclusive concepts. The word ‘Game’ implies ‘Play’ and as a matter of semantics it is an emotional enough issue that we intentionally avoid the use of such terms.”
“I believe that we must remove the word ‘GAME’ from any corporate discussions about this topic. That particular word is already included in many corporate internet filters and would be an obstacle we don’t need to fight.”
“It’s very difficult to ask executives to buy in when they perceive programs to be too much like Xbox or other game systems of the sort.”
“Games and simulations (as games) are an underutilized resource to teach. I only wish they had another name.”
“At work we cannot even search the internet using the word ‘game’”
What’s Wrong with “Serious Games”?
At the “Serious Games Summit”:
Military “got it” thanks to generations of war games.
Press loved the oxymoron Academia speculated about what it
will be some day. Instructional Designers wondered how
to apply ADDIE to it. Game Designers wondered what
ADDIE is. Corporations weren’t there at allConclusion: “Serious
Games” doesn’t explain what it is, just what it isn’t!
What Do We Want from Games?
They are engaging, even addictive. People enjoy using them.
They can simulate real-world systems and interactions.
They immerse you in the game environment.
They actively involve the learner, instead of passively transferring information.
They are effective, particularly in developing decision-making and problem-solving skills.
Other Alternatives?
Interactive Learning G-Learning Training Simulations Experiential Learning Recursive Learning Goal Guided Training Immersive Learning
Survey Says…
…”Immersive Learning” is close
What does it take to get buy in from IBM, GM, GE, P&G, NCR, KPMG, KFC, AMD, AT&T, 3M, EDS,
USAA, EMC, and HEB?
We need a TLA!
We need ILS – Immersive Learning Simulations!
How Do We Sell It?
“A rose by any other name would still smell as sweet,
but would a game by some other name sell to the executive suite?”
- Jeff Johannigman
…and People are Buying it!
Immersive Learning Simulation…
• Describes what it IS in three specific words
• Puts the focus on the positive qualities we want
• Discards the baggage we don’t need
• Is NOT synonymous with all forms of game-based learning
• Does not include Jeopardy, Hangman, quiz games, and other Learning Reinforcement Activities (LRA’s?)
• NB: It’s not about millennials!
Why ILS?
Traditional eLearning vs. ILS
eLearningLinearGood for Knowledge Transfer
Mostly Passive Information Presented
Test AfterwardsFailure is Bad
ILSCyclicalGood for Problem-Solving and Decision Making Skills
Mostly InteractivePrinciples Discovered
Challenge Beforehand
Failure (with feedback) is Good
• “The cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge”
• Should be at the center of what we’re doing
• Still start development by defining specific learning objectives, particularly performance-based ones.
• Ensure that the decisions the player makes in the ILS are directly tied to the learning objectives.
ILS Dissected: Learning
• “a model to describe a situation, event, program, or phenomenon. An interactive simulation allows people to manipulate variables that change the state of the model.” (the eLearning Guild 360 Study)
• “an imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviors of a selected physical or abstract system” (wikipedia)
ILS Dissected: Simulation
Resources to Manipulate
Systematic Relationships Between Elements
Feedback on Results of Your Actions
ILS Dissected: Immersive
• “the impression that someone has of being somewhere while, in reality, he is physically in another place.” (wikipedia)
• “the ability of a game to capture the player's attention and make him feel like he is actually in the game. Books and movies have immersive qualities as they can make their audience feel involved in the story by immersing them in the story's world and making them empathize with the characters.” (Rodney Gibbs, game designer)
Is This Immersive?
Is This Immersive?
Is This Immersive?
Is This Immersive?
Is This Immersive?
Is This Immersive?
Is This Immersive?
Your First Step to Becoming a Game Designer:
PLAY!PLAY!“When your only tool is a hammer,
every problem begins to resemble a nail.”- Abraham Maslow
So, play everything you can – board games, card games, computer games,
role-playing games, word games, party games, etc.
Who are these people?
Your Next Steps to Becoming a Game Designer:
Learn something about: Programming (even a simple language) Algebra & Geometry Probability & Statistics, maybe even Game Theory Psychology Story-telling – verbal and visual (Understanding
Comics) Literature and Mythology (esp Joseph Campbell) Theatre, Film, and Television production Art and Animation
The Wide, Wide World of Games Sports – Baseball, Basketball, Golf, Soccer
Paper & Pencil – Hangman, Tic-tac-toe
Quiz / TV show – Jeopardy, Family Feud, Trivial Pursuit
Card – Poker, Fluxx, Magic: The Gathering, Pokemon
Board – Chess, Monopoly, Risk, Go, Acquire, Scrabble
RPG & LARP – D & D, Murder Mystery, Vampire
Wargames / Miniatures – Axis & Allies, Heroscape, Warhammer, Squad Leader
…and Computer / Video Games
Action – Doom, Halo, Grand Theft Auto, Half-Life
Sports – Madden NFL, Tiger Woods PGA Golf
Story / RPG – Star Wars: KOTOR, Baldur’s Gate, Pirates
Multiplayer – Second Life, World of Warcraft, Everquest
Vehicle Sim – MS Flight Sim, Need for Speed, Falcon
Simulations – The Sims, Roller Coaster Tycoon, SimCity
Strategy – Civilization, Starcraft, Age of Empires
Puzzle / Other – Tetris, Hoyle, You Don’t Know Jack
Types of Learning Games ?For now, we’ll stick with two basic types:
1. Learning Reinforcement Activities (LRA’s)
a) Frame game structure independent of content.b) Easy to repurpose.c) Good for assessing and reinforcing fact-based
learning.
2. Immersive Learning Simulations (ILS’s)a) Game structure integral to learning content.b) Customized game mechanics and setting.c) Good for strategic thinking and problem-solving.
Branching Stories
• Good opportunities for immersion, including full video
• Poor interactivity – few decisions to make
• Poor simulation – Usually few resources and systematic relationships
• Future – More fluid branching, with decisions that impact simulation variables as well as story direction.
Mini-Games
• Good immersion – Usually try to set up story, characters and context, with colorful A/V elements
• Good interactivity – Usually active and engaging.
• Poor to Fair Simulation – Often substitute arcade-type activity for real decisions.
• Cheap – Good games can be built on low budget (typically under $50K)
Interactive Spreadsheets
• Good Simulation - Variables with systematic relationships
• Poor Immersion – Usually do not have much character or story context attached, and minimal A/V support.
• Fair Interactivity – Interesting decisions for the numerically minded
• Future – More supportive fictional immersion. More engaging A/V elements
Procedural Simulations
• Example – Captivate-based software simulation, or machine operation simulation
• Often only one path to success – Essentially just a demonstration with a more complex “Next” button.
• Poor simulation – Usually do not allow you to step off the prescribed path
• Fair immersion – Look almost identical to real thing, but rarely have supportive context and challenge
• Poor interactivity – Decisions are right or wrong.
• Future – Actual rich simulation as military does, but those are much more expensive to build
Virtual Leader
• Good Immersion – Strong progressive storyline and characters with high A/V production values
• Good Simulation - Manipulating “subjective” resources such as power, influence, and support.
• Good Interactivity – Player makes frequent, meaningful decisions
• Model worth studying – Read Clark Aldrich’s book
SuperCEO
• Good Immersion – Strong storyline and characters, but modest A/V production values
• Fair Simulation – Story node structure with fluid branching
• Good interactivity – Player makes frequent, meaningful decisions
• Good example of a solid ILS built for <$100K
The Ingredients of a Great Game
1. Interactivity / Decision-Making
1. Interactivity / Decision-Making
Interactivity is like a conversation:•You say something (take an action)•The computer thinks about what you said and responds (changes the game state and gives you feedback)•You think about what the computer said and respond (take another action)• Repeat as needed
More Interactivity = Better Game (it’s just that simple)
May be many quick decisions or fewer complex ones
Players should always be:•Thinking about their next decision•Making the decision•Evaluating the effectiveness of their last decision
2. Game Mechanics
2. Game Mechanics
Mechanics are the metaphors that translate abstract real world concepts to game objects that can be manipulated.
Example game objects:•Monopoly spaces and property cards•Chess pieces•D&D character sheets
Objects can have both static and dynamic values:•Properties•Behaviors•Relationships
A Game Mechanic defines how your actions interact with the game objects.
Good designers have a large toolbox of game mechanics.
3. Balanced Levels of Challenge
3. Balanced Levels of Challenge
Would you become a great basketball player by playing against:
a) A 5 year old childb) Michael Jordanc) A series of players, each slightly better than you at the time
Learning comes from facing challenges just slightly better than you are, and devising ways to overcome them
Challenge can come from:• Competition• Active conflict• Limited resources• Other limitations
Tuning the progression of challenge is one of the most important aspects of the playtest phase.
3. Balanced Levels of Challenge
4. Feedback in Game Context
4. Feedback in Game Context
Skinner was right. Feedback motivates players - period.
“I could get players to happily spend all day chopping down trees with large fish, if I gave them the right feedback and rewards” – Game designer George MacDonald
Feedback can be:•Visual, auditory, text•Compliments or criticisms from game characters•Rewards that increase player options•Just a shiny badge
Feedback should almost always fit the game fiction. Feedback does not always need to be immediate.
5. Goals and Subgoals
5. Goals and Subgoals Football’s main goal – Outscore your opponent
•Subgoal – Score a touchdown or a field goal with every possession•Subgoal – Advance 10 yards within 4 plays
•Subgoal – Advance the ball with each play
Conflicting subgoals can create effective tradeoffs and game tension:•Your business needs to increase revenue, improve customer satisfaction, and decrease operating costs.•Your Sim wants a big house, lots of friends, and a rewarding career.
Progressions of interlinked subgoals give players feelings of accomplishment, but hook them to play “just a little more.”
6. Increasing Options and Abilities
6. Increasing Options and Abilities
Examples:•“Power-Ups” in video games•Bigger weapons in FPS games•Character level advances in RPG’s.
The most effective way to simultaneously set a goal, reward players for achieving it, and increase their challenge moving forward.
7. Resource Management
7. Resource Management Most games have both tangible and intangible
resources:•Tangible - Money, People, Weapons, Ammo, Items•Semi-tangible – Time, Health / Hit Points•Intangible – Power, Influence, Reputation
Classic 1980’s PC game MULE – settle a planet by producing•Food – needed to give you game time to take your turn•Energy – needed to run your MULEs•Smithore – needed to build more MULEs•Crystite – the cash commodity that you sell offworld
Rich game options come from varying which resources produce which results:•Option A – Lots of money, few people, moderate time•Option B – Little time, moderate money, lots of people•Option C – Little money, moderate people, long time
7. Resource Management
8. Personalization / Identification
8. Personalization / Identification
Do you have a favorite Monopoly piece? Why?
Increases a player’s emotional investment in the game.
Might have NO impact on game play at all.Could be as simple as:
•Naming your character•Choosing a specific icon for yourself•Selecting a color•Picking a face that looks like you
9. Story Elements
9. Story Elements Three basic elements of story:
1. Setting – Fairly easy to do2. Character – Somewhat harder to do3. Plot – Should let the player do
“Stock” characters can still be effective in game settings
Important character roles:• Mentors• Antagonist(s)• Resource providers (Shopkeepers)• Information providers (Messengers)• Friends / sidekicks
10. Social Interaction
10. Social Interaction
Not part of every game, but will usually make a game more satisfying.
Can be used for competition and/or cooperation.
Even artificial opponents can add fun.Are most players involved throughout, or do they have to wait their turn?
Can create interaction outside of game context through high scores, discussion boards, chat, etc.
11. Exploration & Discovery
11. Exploration & Discovery
Curiosity is perhaps the strongest motivation there is.
Does not necessarily mean exploring a large landscape. Can also mean:•What will my new office look like?•Who will I meet next?•What new powers / options will I earn?•What events will occur?
12. Predictable Risks
12. Predictable Risks
Unpredictable events increase replayability
Can simulate environmental factors like weather and the stock market
Managing risk is an important skill Can help balance those ahead / behind Apply randomness carefully – The more randomness you have, the less players feel in control.
Use it like a spice to “kick it up a notch”
Jeff’s 4-Step Process for Game Creation
1. Analysis (Objectives and Simulation)
2. Design (Game and Presentation)3. Implementation4. Playtest and Balance
Phase 1: Analysis – Learning Objectives
1. What are the performance issues? What should learners be DOING differently? (NOTE: it’s not what do learners need to KNOW)
2. What is the definition of successful performance? In what ways is that performance measured?
3. What actions and decisions do learners make in getting to those goals?
Phase 1: Analysis – Learning Objectives
4. What are the common mistakes and bad decisions that learners make? What influences them to make those choices?
5. What external, variable factors can impact whether a decision is a good one or a bad one?
6. Think of several example situations. Walk through how an expert would make decisions about what to do. Repeat for a poor performer.
Phase 1: Analysis - Simulation
1. What role in the game world will you, the player, take?
2. What motivates you? What goals are you trying to achieve?
3. What are the “verbs”? What will you actually do?
4. What decisions do you make with each type of action?
5. What information, resources, and other factors do you consider when making each decision?
Phase 1: Analysis - Simulation
6. What are the consequences of good and bad decisions?
7. What motivates you to make a “bad” decision?
8. What resources / tools are at your disposal?
9. What external factors can impact your success?
Phase 2: Design – Game Structure
1. Decide how to model / measure each game factor:• The resources the player uses• The environmental objects, characters, and
other factors that the player affects and that affect the player
• The motivating goals
2. List the actions a player can take:• What factors are impacted by each action?
What tradeoffs are involved?• Is the result of an action a certainty or just a
probability?• Pencil in specific values, even if they are only
guesses for now.
Phase 2: Design – Game Structure
3. Determine how the game environment reacts and changes• Which parts react to the player’s choices,
and which change independently.• Are there characters in this game world? How
do they help or hinder the player?
4. Determine the main goal and any sub-goals
Phase 2: Design - Presentation1. What is the setting? How will it be
depicted? • Text, static images, animation, 3-D
environment?
2. Design the interface• Do you directly control the character?• Are there menus or icons to choose form?• Do choices remain consistent, or vary from
situation to situation?
Phase 2: Design - Presentation3. What is the player’s perspective?
• Do you see your character or see through their eyes?
4. Design the screen layout• What parts depict the game environment?• What information is presented on the main
screen and where?• How is the feedback depicted - numeric,
graphical, conversational?• Are there menus or other visible interface
elements?• Are there any additional screens for info or
other game elements?
Phase 3: Implementation
“… and then a miracle happens!”(lots of hand-waving here)
Development process differs based on: Classroom (physical) or computer-based (virtual) Budget and timeline Target audience and their AV expectations
…but note that a game’s playability does not depend on the game’s budget!
However, prototype a “playable” version as quickly as possible.
Roles on a Typical Development Team
Producer / Project Manager – handles schedule, budget, staffing, coordination, etc.
Director / Designer – owns the design vision, defines game mechanics, writes content, creates world data, balances the game play.
Software Designer – programs the game modules.
Artist / Animator – creates the visual assets and sometimes the interface layout.
Audio Engineer / Composer – creates the audio assets, including voice, sound fx, and music.
Test Lead – Manages configuration testing, playtesting, and balancing.
Typical Game Development Schedule
Each stage typically takes 2 - 5 weeks1. Game Concept Document (2 - 10 pages)2. Game Design Document (10 - 50 pages)3. Physical Prototype4. Technical Design Document (20 - 200 pages)5. Milestone 1 – Technical proof of concept for most important
module6. Milestone 2 – Other key modules7. ……3, 4, 5…8. Playable Prototype – Can start playing and balancing9. Alpha version – Game complete, some A/V assets still missing10. Beta version – All assets in and complete11. Final version – feature complete, balanced, and “bug free”
Game Design Document (or Wiki)
1. High-Level Concepta) Dramatized Play Example
2. Target Audience / Learner Profile3. Learning Objectives4. Game Structure
a) Game Setting and World Environmentb) Player Goals and Challenge Progressionc) Game Objects, Resources, and/or Charactersd) List of Player Actions and Impacts on the Gamee) Flowchart of Gameplay
5. Game Presentationa) Screen Mockup(s)b) Player Input Options and Layoutc) Player Feedback and Layout
Production Spec (or Wiki)More detailed version of design document, plus:1. Development Team and Role Breakdown2. Technical Analysis
1. Target User Platform2. Program Module Breakdown3. Technical Analysis of Challenges and Risks4. Primary Data Structures5. Commercial Development Tools6. Tools to be Created In-House
3. Asset Lists1. Static Art2. Animations3. Audio
4. Development Schedule and Budgeta) High-Level Milestones and Deliverablesb) Detailed Project Plan (MS-Project)c) Budget Analysis and Risks
About Implementation Design First
•(Don’t let your tool dictate your design) Then
•Branching•PowerPoint•HTML•SimWriter, Captivate, Lectora, SmartBuilder, etc
•Model-driven•Flash•Excel•Programming (Java, C, etc)•Game Mods (caveat)•etc
“Tuning is nine-tenths of the effort”Will Wright
Phase 4: Playtest & Balance
THIS IS WHERE THE REAL LEARNING GOES IN!
1. Playtest the game with a variety of players:• Yourself and other game-savvy players• Your SME’s• Typical target players (Are they young, old,
gamer-gen, phobic, ???)• Cunning, resourceful, malicious players• Naive, unsophisticated players (No hand-
holding, please)
Phase 4: Playtest & Balance
2. Look for:• Does intuition and common sense work for players?• Do the winning strategies fit your learning
objectives?• Are there “stupid” strategies that actually work?• Does the player focus on the decisions that are
important to the learning?• Are there decisions that are always made the same
way? Why?
Phase 4: Playtest & Balance
3. Adjust the simulation and the feedback:• Does the game seem fair? Is it fun? Why or why not?• Does the player understand why he succeeded or
failed?• When do players get bored or lose interest?• Does it stay challenging as players master it?• Adjust the resource values, probabilities, goal
conditions, messages, etc.• Simplify or eliminate the parts that dilute the focus.
Phase 4: Playtest & Balance
Balancing the Challenge
and then…Repeat as necessary:
DesignDesign
ImplementImplementPlaytestPlaytest &&BalanceBalance
AnalyzeAnalyze
……until your until your players can’t stop players can’t stop
playing!playing!
Scope & Cost (roughly)
FORMAT COMPLEXITY
VISUALS PLAY TIME
BUDGET
Video Games
Complex Relationshipsin Depth
3D Environments
Days $2M-$10M
PC Games Multiple Interacting Relationships
Animated graphics
Hours $250K-$2M
Web Games
Several Interacting Relationships
Static images or limited animation
Minutes $50K-$250K
So, how do you make a great learning game?
““Well, that’s a Well, that’s a series of series of
interesting interesting choices.”choices.”
Appendix A: Recommended Tabletop Games
1. Acquire – Sid Sackson’s classic game of stock manipulation, mergers, and acquisitions. 2. Axis & Allies – a simple but effective WWII simulation, including military, economic, and
diplomatic aspects.3. Betrayal at House on the Hill – A cooperative game with good story-telling mechanics 4. Bohnanza – an entertaining trading game that includes economies of scale.5. Carcassonne – a clever tile-based game, where you develop cities, farms, and roads.6. Cosmic Encounter – A very influential game design. Every player can “break” a different
game rule in a specific way.7. Cranium – requires multiple forms of intelligence to win.8. Diplomacy – a unique game where your interpersonal skills are the real keys to winning.9. Dungeons & Dragons Basic Game – the easiest intro to role-playing games available. 10.Fluxx – a card game with a deceptively simple structure, but unpredictable game play.11.Magic: The Gathering – combines collectible trading cards with a flexible game format.12.Settlers of Catan – a great game of resource development and trade13.Shadows Over Camelot – a cooperative game with some role-playing aspects.14.Ticket to Ride – an elegantly simple railroad game, with great strategic tension.
Appendix B: Recommended Computer Games
1. Age of Empires or Age of Mythology – develop and manage a historic or mythic empire.
2. Second Life – a multiplayer online virtual world built by the players themselves. 3. Sid Meier’s Civilization – grow your civilization from prehistory through space
travel.4. Sid Meier’s Pirates – role-playing as a swashbuckling pirate in connected mini-
games.5. SimCity – build and manage your city, including transportation, energy, crime 6. The Sims – control the lives of a simulated family, including designing their home.7. Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic – role-play a Jedi Knight through
multiple storylines8. Starcraft – play one of three alien races building combat forces in different battle
missions9. World of Warcraft – the most successful multiplayer online game on the market.10.You Don’t Know Jack (www.youdontknowjack.com) – a quiz show game with an
edge11.Zoo Tycoon or Roller Coaster Tycoon – design and manage your own zoo or
theme park.
Appendix C: Recommended Books1. Learning by Doing – Clark Aldrich2. Simulations and the Future of Learning – Clark Aldrich3. Game Design – Bob Bates4. Ender’s Game – Orson Scott Card5. Chris Crawford on Game Design – Chris Crawford6. The Ultimate Guide to Video Game Writing and Design – Dille
& Platten7. Game Design Workshop – Tracy Fullerton8. A Theory of Fun for Game Design – Raph Koster9. Understanding Comics – Scott McCloud10. Digital Game-Based Learning – Marc Prensky11. Engaging Learning – Clark Quinn12. Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design –Rollings & Adams13. A Gamut of Games – Sid Sackson14. Design Your Own Games and Activities - Sivasailam “Thiagi” Thiagarajan
Appendix D: Recommended Web Sites1. www.boardgamegeek.com – Reviews, ratings, and discussion for thousands
of games2. www.boardgameratings.com – Online store with game ratings and
recommended lists3. www.costik.com – Greg Costikyan’s website with several interesting articles. 4. www.erasmatazz.com – Chris Crawford’s site5. www.gamasutra.com – Industry web site for professional game developers6. www.games2train.com - Marc Prensky’s company site7. www.igda.org – International Game Developers’ Association8. www.invisible-city.com – Features a selection of innovative tabletop game
designs9. www.learningcircuits.org – ASTD’s source for e-Learning10.www.nasaga.org – North American Simulation and Gaming Association11.www.engaginglearning.com – Clark Quinn’s book site12.www.theoryoffun.com – Raph Koster’s site for his “Theory of Fun” book13.www.thiagi.com – The Thiagi Group, respected experts in training games
