Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high quality biochar

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Design and Development of a Municipal Solid Waste Pyrolyzer for

Producing High Quality Biochar

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OutlineIntroduction

Objectives

Methodology

Results and Discussion

Conclusions and Recommendations

References

IntroductionOpen dumping is a common method

Urban solid waste management - critical issue Rapid increase in population, urbanization,

industrialization Large volume of solid waste, limited land space Natural assimilation (acceptance) capacity exceeded

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Air Pollution

Water Pollution

Soil Pollution

Health Problems

•Eutrophication•Heavy metals

•Greenhouse effect•Ozone depletion•Acid rains

•Heavy metals

Introduction cont………

•Skin diseases•Respiratory Problems

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Charcoal production from mined MSW and MSW Compost

Sustainable Solution

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Introduction cont............

Introduction cont............Charcoal is the black residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by

removing water and other volatile constituents from the biomass.

(Source : Ryu et al., 2005)

Sources of Charcoal – Wood, Agricultural Waste, Sewage, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis

(Source : Kampegowda and Chandayot, Unknown)

As a soil amendment, char can replace commercial fertilizers to avoid polluting ground water

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What Makes Char A Good Fertilizer?

Charcoal is a carbon negative, meaning it takes carbon from the atmosphere and locks it into the dirt for millions of years, reducing global warming. Char reduces emissions of green house gases (Source : Steiner and Zech, 2006).

Porous structure & high surface area Strongly adsorptive - both cation and anion Enhance ion exchange capacity

(Source : Ryu et al., 2005)

Introduction cont………

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ObjectivesDevelopment ObjectiveTo provide adequate scientific information and formulate solutions for the

production of charcoal coated fertilizer and industrialization

Specific ObjectivesTo characterise the decomposed MSWTo develop a pyrolyzer to produce charcoal by optimizing operating

conditionsTo evaluate the quality of charcoal

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MethodologyExperimental Sites

Work Shop, Department of Agricultural Engineering

Meewathura farm, Solid Waste Management Research Unit

Soil and Water Engineering Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Engineering

Post harvest Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Engineering

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Methodology cont.............

Materials and Equipments

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Material Equipment

2'' GI pipe Iron bending machine

1 1/2'' nails Spanners

Angle iron (1 1/2'' and 11/2''x 5mm) Hacksaw

ValvesMetal working lathe

1/ 2'' Valve socket Welding machine

Hinges Pipe Rindge

Water Drill machine

1 1/2'' flat iron Gas cutter

4 mm iron rods

Bench grinder

Welding rods (No: 12)Metal cutter

0.2 m3 Barrels

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Methodology cont………

•Design of the Pyrolyzer

FeedingMechanism

Charcoal Remover

Air Inlet

Iron Plate(Flap)

Drill Flap

FlameDevelopementHole

FlameDevelopmentHole

Cement Flow

Cross Sectional View Front View

Hopper

Temporary Storage for Feedstock

CombutionChamber

Temperaturemeasuring point

Base

Top Views of the Iron Plate and Drill Flap

Feeding Mechanism

TopView

Front View

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Construction of the Pyrolyzer

The Hopper and temporary storage for the feedstock

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Methodology cont………

Flap

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Methodology cont………..

The combustion chamber Capacity – 0.02 m3

Air InletFlame development hole

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Combustion chamber was consisted of two type of flaps, Which are iron plate flap and grill flap.

Grill flap Iron plate flap

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•Construction of charcoal remover

•The charcoal remover was fabricated by removing lid from

the bottom of the barrel and placed on the angle floor.

The Charcoal RemoverBottom of the charcoal removal area

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Methodology cont………..Constructed Pyrolyzer

Air inlet

Charcoal remover

Moveable arm

Flame development hole

Hopper and temporaryStorage for the feedstock

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Methodology cont………..• Preparation of Feeding Material

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Production of Biochar

•Development of flame through the Orifice

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Flame through the orifice


Methodology Cont…...

Determination of Feeding Rate Amount of waste feed Time taken for produce charcoal

Temperature – Model 8396 Thermocouple

Grading of Charcoal by particle size

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Sieve No Mesh Size (mm)

4 4

3 2

2 0.5

1 0.355


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Analytical Parameters

Analytical Parameter Method / Instrument & Condition

Moisture content ASTM Method D3173

Volatile Matter ASTM Method D3172

Ash ASTM Method D3174

Fixed Carbon ASTM Method D3175

Bulk Density ASTM Method

pH pH meterElectrical Conductivity Thermo orient Model 145A

Salinity Thermo orient Model 145A


Germination Bioassay Lettuce (Lactuca sativa ) seeds 50 seeds / Petri dish Incubator – 200C

Treatments

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Treatment Sand % Charcoal %T1 100 0T2 95 5T3 90 10T4 85 15T5 80 20T6 75 25T7 50 50T8 25 75T9 0 100

Results and Discussion

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Particle size distribution of MSW compost and charcoal

Results and Discussion cont.........

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Grading of Charcoal

Size of particle (mm) Grade>4mm 54 - 2mm 42-0.5mm 30.5-0.355mm 20.355-0mm 1

25 4 3 1


MC, Volatile Matter, Ash and FC Variation in charcoal and MSW.

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MSW Charcoal


Properties of MSW Compost and Charcoal

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Parameter MSW Compost Charcoal

MC (w. b) 18.43% 0.18%

Volatile Matter (w. b) 39.93% 10.54%

Ash (w. b) 38.38% 89.04%

Fixed Carbon (w. b) 3% 0.24%

pH 7.63 9.93

Temperature 0C 22.9 19.5

Conductivity (µs) 6.95 7.33

Salinity % 3.73 3.86

Bulk density (kg/m3) 422.02 928.28


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T1 T2 T7T6T5T4T3 T8 T9

•Lettuce grow in neutral pH

•Increase in pH of char reduced germination

•Relationship between charcoal percentage and germination

Results and Discussion cont............

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Performances of the Pyrolyzer

Quantity of MSW

compost (kg)

Duration

(min)

Quantity of char output

% of char

output

Residence time per

unit (min/kg)

% of compost volume

reduction

Feeding rate

(kg/min)

23.25 75 10.5 44.68 7.14 54.84 0.31

(kg)

Conclusions and RecommendationsThere are many important findings of the

investigation on pyrolysing decomposed organic fraction of MSW;

The average output of char made from decomposed MSW was higher than typical (reported) values due to high ash content.

But very less of fixed carbon.

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Conclusions and Recommendations cont.........

Charcoal is influencing soil quality by reducing acidity and adding macro and micro nutrients to the soil due to high ash content in charcoal

Charcoal can be used as a soil amendment and organic fertilizer, but adjustment of pH is required at high application rates

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Conclusions and Recommendations cont.........

Pyrolysis technology can be used to manage MSW.

the space in between the grills of the grill flap should be reduced to lesser the amount of unburnt particles falling to the charcoal collection chamber of the reactor.

The operating temperature inside the combustion chamber fluctuated drastically. Therefore, it is paramount to introduce a temperature regulating mechanism.

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The orifice which was left for flame development should be modified by moving to a vertical position above from the present location.

Incorporating a pressure regulator is another important aspect for pyrolysis process and it should be considered for eventual industrial model.

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References Ryu, C, Sharifi, V.N, Swithenbank, J, 2005, Waste Pyrolysis and Generation of Storable Fuel, Sheffield

University Waste Incineration Centre (SUWIC), Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The University of Sheffield pp. 24 -40.

Steiner, C, Zech, W, 2006, Slash and Char as Alternative to Slash and Burn - soil charcoal amendments maintain soil fertility and establish a carbon sink, Institute of Soil Science and Soil Geography, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany. pp 9-15.

Kampegowda, R, Chandayot, P, 1998, Slow Pyrolysis for Rural Small biomass Energy By joint Project Developments of Brazil and Thailand, Asian University, Thailand, pp. 4-6.

Joseph,S.D, Downie,A, Munroe,P, Crosky,A, Lehmann,J, 1997, Biochar for Carbon Sequestration, Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Enhancement of Soil Fertility; A Review of the Materials Science, Proceedings of the Australian Combustion Symposium 97, University of Sydney, Australia. pp. 130 - 132.

Abe, F. 1988. The Thermochemical Study of Forest Biomass. Forest Prod. Chem. 45:91-95.

Ojolo, S. J. and Bamgboye, A. I, 2005, Thermochemical Conversion of Municipal Solid Waste to Produce

Fuel and Reduce Waste, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, pp. 1-3.

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Thank you

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Education

Design and Development of Municipal Solid Waste phyrolyzer for producing high quality biochar