Open Education, MOOCs, Student Debt, Textbooks

and other Trends

Dr. Cable GreenDirector of Global Learningcable@creativecommons.or

g@cgreen

Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

Children Reading Pratham Books and Akshara By Ryan Lobo http://www.flickr.com/photos/prathambooks/3291617463 CC BY

(1) Demand for Higher Education

“Nearly one-third of the world’s population (29.3%) is under 15. Today there are 158 million people enrolled in tertiary education1. Projections suggest that that participation will peak at 263 million2 in 2025. Accommodating the additional 105 million students would require more than four major universities (30,000 students) to open every week for the next fifteen years.

1 ISCED levels 5 & 6 UNESCO Institute of Statistics figures2 British Council and IDP Australia projections

By: COL http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/JohnDaniel_2008_3x5.jpg

(2) Student Debt / Perceived Value

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(3) Affordances of Digital Things

vs.

Rivalrous vs. Non-Rivalrous Resources

Cost of “Copy”

For one 250 page book:

• Copy by hand - $1,000

• Copy by print on demand - $4.90

• Copy by computer - $0.00084

CC BY: David Wiley, BYU

Cost of “Distribute”

For one 250 page book:

• Distribute by mail - $5.20• $0 with print-on-demand (2000+ copies)

• Distribute by internet - $0.00072

CC BY: David Wiley, BYU

Copy and Distribute are “Free”

This changes everything

CC BY: David Wiley, BYU

Movies, TV Shows, Songs, and Textbooks

Movies and TV Shows:• Amazon Prime – $6.59/month

($79/year) for access to 10,000 movies and TV shows

• Netflix – $7.99/month for access to 20,000 movies and TV shows

• Hulu Plus – $7.99/month for access to 45,000 movies and TV shows

CC BY: David Wiley: http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/2348

Movies, TV Shows, Songs, and Textbooks

Music:• Spotify – $9.99/month for access

to 15 million songs• Rhapsody – $14.99/month for

access to 14 million songs

CC BY: David Wiley: http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/2348

CC BY ND / Delta Initiative / http://tinyurl.com/bw3ztnt

(4) Open Educational Resources

including:open coursewareopen textbooks

open access journals

Dreaming Girls Head By: Elfleda http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolinespics/153137487

CC BY-NC-ND

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By: UNESCO: http://www.moveoneinc.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/UNESCO.jpg

A simple, standardizedway to grant copyright permissions to your creative work.

Step 1: Choose Conditions

Attribution

ShareAlike

NonCommercial

NoDerivatives

Step 2: Receive a License

Over 500 million items

Over 77,000 contributors working on over 22 million

articles in 285 languages

175+ Million CC Licensed Photos on Flickr

32

http://www.flickr.com/photos/22240293@N05/3735172478/in/set-72157621681117648 By: Francisco Diez

Higher Ed

K-12

Open Educational Resources (OER)

OER are teaching, learning, and research

materials in any medium that reside in the public domain or have been

released under an open license that permits their free use and re-purposing

by others.

Search & Discovery

Translations & Accessibility

Customization & Affordability

5 Challenges of OER (for another day):

(1) Faculty Doesn't Know what To Do with OER(2) Not Everyone Trusts Free Resources(3) Expectations Around OER Quality are High(4) Institutional Processes Aren't Always Flexible(5) No Effective Discovery and Assessment OER Toolhttp://campustechnology.com/Articles/2013/04/24/5-Hurdles-to-OER-Adoption.aspx?Page=2

/ Open Textbooks

There is a direct relationship between textbook costs and student success

60%+ do not purchase textbooks at some point due to cost

35% take fewer courses due to textbook cost

31% choose not to register for a course due to textbook cost

23% regularly go without textbooks due to cost

14% have dropped a course due to textbook cost

10% have withdrawn from a course due to textbook cost

Source: 2012 student survey by Florida Virtual Campus

www.projectkaleidoscope.org

The Vision

100% of students have

100% free, digital access to all materials on day 1

Drive student success by designing, adopting, measuring and improving OER-based courses

www.projectkaleidoscope.org

http://techplan.sbctc.edu

“We will cultivate the culture and practice of using and contributing to open educational resources.”

But using open educational resources – and

contributing to them – requires significant

change in the culture of higher education. It

requires thinking about content as a common resource that raises all

boats when shared. (p.11)

English Composition I

• 60,000+ enrollments / year

• x $175 textbook

• = $10.5 Million every year

English Composition I

• 55,000+ enrollments / year

• x $175 textbook

• = $9.6+ Million every year

Insa

ne

• We must get rid of our “not invented here” attitude regarding others’ content–move to: "proudly borrowed from

there"

• Content is not a strategic advantage

• Nor can we (or our students) afford it

WA Community Colleges:

http

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libra

ry.org

CC-BY licensed textbooks for 90 university courses

Does it make any sense WA State and K-12 Districts together spend $130M/yearon textbooks and the results are:• Books are (on average) 7-10 years out

of date• Paper only / no digital versions.• Students can’t write / highlight in

books• Students can’t keep books at end

of year• All rights reserved… teachers can’t

update

/ Open Access

• Text

Global Trends

Current research funding cycle does not maximize dissemination, economic efficiency, social impact

Government RFPs

announced, research grants

awarded

Scientific research

conducted and papers written

Articles submitted to journals and peer review

occurs

Acceptance in journals; authors

transfer copyright to publishers

Articles published in

mainly closed access journals

Libraries subscribe or

public pays per article fee to

view on publisher's

website

Public granted little or no reuse

rights beyond access to read

articles

Slow scientific progress, poor

return on public investment

Optimized research funding cycle maximizes public access, economic efficiency, social impact

Government RFPs

announced, open license requirements

included, research grants

awarded

Scientific research

conducted and papers written

Acceptance in journals; public access policy

ensures deposit in open

repository

Articles published in traditional

journals under embargo

Public can download

articles from open access repository

Public granted full reuse rights

under open licenses

Accelerated scientific progress,

optimal return on public

investment

Articles submitted to journals and peer review

occurs

White House issues directive supporting public access to publicly funded research

(5) Open Policy

Publicly funded resources should be openly licensed resources.

$60 trillionx 5% =$ 3 trillion

$500 million - Wave 2($2 billion over four years)

“as a condition of the receipt of a TAACCCT grant, the grantee will be required to license to the public (not including the Federal Government) all work created with the support of the grant (Work) under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY) license. Work that must be licensed under the CCBY includes both new content created with the grant funds and modifications made to pre-existing, grantee-owned content using grant funds.”

SGA, Round 2 (p. 8 / Section I.D.5 )

Current educational resource funding cycle does not maximize dissemination, economic efficiency, social impact

Government RFPs

announced, education

grants awarded

Educational resources produced

Peer review limited

to grantee'

s instituti

on

Copyright with grantee, no obligation to

share

Content only used at grantee

institution

Public does not know about education resources

Public granted little or no reuse

rights

Slowed learning, poor return on

public investment

Optimized educational resource funding cycle maximizes public access, economic efficiency, social impact

Government RFPs

announced, open license requirements

included, education

grants awarded

Educational resources produced

Peer review

broadened to

education

community

Copyright vests with grantee, all

resources openly licensed

Content used by grantee and

beyond

Public knows about education

resources

Public granted full reuse rights

Accelerated learning,

maximum return on public

investment

massive change By: sookie http://www.flickr.com/photos/sookie/31219031

CC BY

U.S. House Appropriations Committee draft FY2012 Labor, Health and Human Services funding bill

SEC. 124. None of the funds made available by this Act for the Department of Labor may be used to develop new courses, modules, learning materials, or projects in carrying out education or career job training grant programs unless the Secretary of Labor certifies, after a comprehensive market-based analysis, that such courses, modules, learning materials, or projects are not otherwise available for purchase or licensing in the marketplace or under development for students who require them to participate in such education or career job training grant programs.

http://appropriations.house.gov/UploadedFiles/FY_2012_Final_LHHSE.pdf

U.S. House Appropriations Committee draft FY2012 Labor, Health and Human Services funding bill

SEC. 124. None of the funds made available by this Act for the Department of Labor may be used to develop new courses, modules, learning materials, or projects in carrying out education or career job training grant programs unless the Secretary of Labor certifies, after a comprehensive market-based analysis, that such courses, modules, learning materials, or projects are not otherwise available for purchase or licensing in the marketplace or under development for students who require them to participate in such education or career job training grant programs.

http://appropriations.house.gov/UploadedFiles/FY_2012_Final_LHHSE.pdf

Defeate

d

When the Marginal Cost of Sharing is $0…

- educators have an ethical obligation to share

- governments need to get maximum ROI by requiring publicly funded resources be openly licensed resources

- governments and educators need openly licensed content: (a) so you can revise & remix (b) buying and maintaining is cheaper than leasing (w/time bombs)

(6) MOOCs (vs. MOCs)

“The problem is that as online education becomes more pervasive, universities can no longer primarily be in the business of transmitting technical knowledge. Online offerings from distant, star professors will just be too efficient. As Ben Nelson of Minerva University points out, a school cannot charge students $40,000 and then turn around and offer them online courses that they can get free or nearly free. That business model simply does not work. There will be no such thing as a MOOC university.”New York Times: The Practical University. By DAVID BROOKS

http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/05/opinion/Brooks-The-Practical-University.html?hp&_r=3&

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What Happens if we Don’t?

/ Your Play

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CC BY-NC-ND046: Rule #2: See Rule #1 By: William Couchhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/wcouch/2268610556

Dr. Cable GreenDirector of Global Learning

cable@creativecommons.orgtwitter: cgreen