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Current Trends
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Clock speeds
Name Year Clock speed
8080 1974 2 MHz
8088 1979 5 MHz
80286 1982 6 MHz
80386 1985 16 MHz
80486 1989 25 MHz
Pentium 1993 60 MHz
Pentium II 1997 233 MHz
Pentium III 1999 450 MHz
Pentium IV 2000 1.5 GHz
Core (Dual processor) 2006 2.3 GHz
Core 2 (Quad Processor) 2010 3.2 GHz
With the development of each new processor has come an increase in clock speed.
Muti-core ProcessorsA new development in terms of increasing processor power is to increase the number of processors on one chip.
Dual core processors
Quad core processors
Even 8 processors on a PS3
MemoryThe memory capacity of a DRAM chip has doubled every 1.6 years since the mid 1970s.
Year Size (Mb)
1980 0.0625
1983 0.25
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
1999 256
2002 512
2005 1024
2010 4096
Backing StorageIn 1954, when IBM first invented the hard disk its capacity was 5Mb.
Now desktop computers have a hard disk capacity of several hundred Gb, and in some cases a Terabyte.
The floppy disc with 1.4 Mb of storage has been replaced with USB Pen drives which have capacities up to 128 Gb.
Backing StorageMost computers have CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives. A CD-RW disc can hold up to 850 Mb, while a DVD-RW disc can hold 4.7 Gb.
Cheap storage means that there are cloud computing options for storing data. Many sites offer several Gigabytes of online disk space free of charge. Google currently offers 7Gb for an individual GMail account
CreditsHigher Computing – Computer Structure – Current Trends
Produced by P. Greene for the City of Edinburgh Council 2004
Adapted by M. Cunningham 2010
All images licenced under Creative Commons 3.0• PS3 controller by Declan Jewell (DeclanTM on Flickr)• Hard disc drive assembled by Crispin Semmens (conskeptical on Flickr)• Floppy Diskovery By Pete Birkinshaw (BinaryApe on Flickr)• CD_autolev_crop.jpg by Ubern00b, retouched by Dzucconi• cloud computing by Bruce Clay, Inc