Copyright Laws and Fair use
Copyright LawsandFair use:A Guide for Educators
Created and Narrated by Jo Ann Noble
Copyright Laws and Fair Use: A Guide for Educators Created and
narrated by Jo Ann Noble1
Why do I have to worry about copyright laws as an educator?
What are my responsibilities?
Welcome to Copyright Laws and Fair Use: A Guide for Educators,
narrated by Jo Ann Noble. The purpose of this lesson is to
introduce to you a brief history of copyright laws and fair use and
to explain their attributes as they pertain to both educators and
students. As educators, it is our responsibility to be familiar
with copyright law and fair use and to share this knowledge with
both our students and our colleagues. Copyright law can be
ambiguous as wells as confusing for educators. Educators often ask
themselves What am I or my students permitted to use legally in
terms of copyrighted materials in the classroom?
2Are you a criminal according to copyright law?Have you
ever..
made multiple copies of an article from a magazine and used it
again and again without obtaining permission?
made a DVD copy of a television program and used it in class as
part of a lesson?
made copies of a chapter in a textbook?
copied an image from the internet and posted it into one of your
lessons?
Lets first take a look a some common copyright issues that we
all have probably faced or will face in our teaching careers. Have
you ever made copies from a magazine, workbook, textbook, or a
video to use in a lesson and wondered whether or not what you were
doing was legal? Most of you probably answered yes. Whether or not
you are a criminal according to copyright law actually depends on
how you used material or how long you retained it. 3What is
Copyright? Copyright provides the creators of original works of
authorship with a set of limited exclusive rights, including the
right to copy, distribute, and perform their works.
Infringing uses of copyright materials include publishing the
material, public display of the material, or any that reduces the
value of the copyrighted work.
So, what exactly is copyrighted material? According to
Dictionary.com, copyright is the legal right granted to an author,
a composer, a playwright, a publisher, or a distributor to
exclusive publication, production, sale, or distribution of a
literary, musical, dramatic, or artistic work. Anyone who claims
authorship of someone elses work, or wrongfully uses the material,
gives the copyright owner the right to seek and receive
compensation in a court of law.
The next questions one might ask are: Who can claim copyright?
How do materials become copyrighted? And, Which type of materials
are protected by copyright and which type are not?
4Who can Claim Copyright? Only the author or those deriving
their rights through the author can claim copyright.
An employer can claim authorship for work made for hire.
Lets begin with who can be copyrighted. Only the author or those
deriving their rights through the author can claim copyright.
However, there is a special consideration to point out to educators
and that is work made for hire. It is important for an educator to
know that any work that he or she created as an employee or acting
within the scope of ones employment, its the employer, not the
employee who is considered to be the author. Section 101 of the
copyright law defines a work made for hire as:Any work prepared by
an employee within the scope of his or her employment, orAny work
specially ordered or commissioned for use as:A contribution to a
collective workA part of a motion picture or other audiovisual
workA translationA supplementary workA compilationAn instructional
textA testAnswer material for a testAn atlas
If the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by
them that the work shall be considered a work made for hire.(U.S.
Copyright Office nd)
5How of does material become copyrighted? All tangible creative
works are protected by copyright immediately upon creation.
Authors are not required to register their work, announce that
the work is copyrighted, or display the copyright symbol to enjoy
protection.
Individuals once had to apply for copyright protection. However,
works created since 1978 assume protection automatically from the
moment the work takes tangible form- whether or not a copyright
notice is attached and whether or not the individual has filed an
application with the U.S. copyright office. (C. Newsome 1997)6What
qualifies for copyright protection? literary works musical works
dramatic works choreographed works pictorial, graphics, and
sculptural works motion pictures and audiovisual works sound
recordings
Next lets take a look at what types of works can be copyrighted.
In a nutshell, original works of authorship or creative works that
are fixed in a tangible form of expression are protected by
copyright.
Copyright law actually covers seven broad categories:
The first category is literary works- both fiction and
nonfiction, which includes books, periodicals, manuscripts,
computer programs,manuals, phonorecords, film, audiotapes, and
computer disks. The second category is musical works and
accompanying words which covers songs, musical plays, and operas.
Category three is dramatic works which includes plays and dramatic
readings. Category four includes choreographed works and mime
performances. Category five, which is probably one of the broadest
categories, is pictorial, graphics, and sculptural works. This
category includes all sculptural works, photographs, prints and art
reproductions, maps, globes, charts, technical drawings, diagrams,
and models. Category six is motion pictures and audiovisual works
which includes slides, multimedia presentations, films, filmstrips,
and videos. The last category, seven, sound recordings includes
records, tapes, cassettes, andCDs. (C. Newsome 1997)
7What Is Not Protected by Copyright? Facts and Ideas Works in
the Public DomainWorks published before January 1, 1923.Works
published between 1923 and 1978 that did not contain a valid
copyright notice.Works published between 1923 and 1978 for which
the copyright was not renewed.Works authored by employees of the
federal government.Works that the copyright owner has freely
granted to the public domain
What types of work are not protected under copyright law? There
are several categories of material generally not eligible for
federal copyright protection. These include among others: Works
that have not been fixed in a tangible form of expression Titles,
names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs;
mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or
coloring; mere listing of ingredients or contents. Ideas,
procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts, principles,
discoveries, or devices, as distinguished from a description,
explanation, or illustration. Works consisting entirely of
information that is common property and containing no original
authorship (for example: standard calendars, height and weight
charts, tape measures, and rulers, and lists or tables taken from
public documents or other common sources. (US Copyright Office
2008)
8When can copyrighted material be copied and used? Public Domain
Permission Legal exception Fair Use
THE INTERNET IS NOT IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
So When can copyrighted material be copied and used?
First, any work that falls under public domain can be copied and
used. This includes work belonging to the public as a whole, which
includes government documents and works, works with an expired
copyright or no existing protection, and works published over 75
years ago. It is important for educators to know that the Internet
is not in the public domain. Second, any work which has prior
approval for the proposed use by the copyright owner or if the use
constitutes an exemption to copyright protection such as creating a
parody. Finally, any works which fall under the fair use provision,
which will be discussed further in this presentation, may be copied
and used.9What is copyright lawCopyright is part of federal law and
was first authorized by the United States Constitution in
1790.States that the owner of any tangible creative work has the
sole right to reproduce, distribute, perform, display, transmit, or
transform that work.Originally provided the author or creator the
exclusive rights for a term of 14 years with the ability to renew
for an additional 14 yearsCopyright Law Article 17
Lets switch gears now and take a brief history tour of copyright
law. The history of American copyright law originated with the
introduction of the printing press to England in the late fifteenth
century. As the number of presses grew, authorities sought to
control the publication of books by granting printers a near
monopoly on publishing (Association of Research Libraries,
2007).The U.S. Congress first exercised its power to enact
copyright legislation with the Copyright Act of 1790. The power to
enact copyright law is granted in Article I, Section 8, Clause 8,
also known as the copyright clause, which states: Congress shall
have power . . . to promote the progress of science and useful
arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the
exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries." At
the time, the Act secured an author the exclusive right to publish
and vend "maps, charts and books" for a term of 14 years, with the
right of renewal for one additional 14 year term if the author was
still alive. For further information click on the link Copyright
Law Article 17 at the bottom of the slide.
10Changes in Term Length
1831 Act: extended the term to 28 years with 14-year renewal1909
Act: extended the term to 28 years with 28-year renewal1976 Act:
extended term to either 75 years or life of author plus 50
yearsCopyright Term Extension Act 1998: extended terms to 95/120
years or life plus 70 years
Many changes have occurred in U.S. copyright law since it was
established in 1790. One of the components of the law that has
changed several times throughout the years is the basic term of
protection. Originally, the Copyright Act of 1790 established the
term of protection as 14 years with the ability to renew for an
additional 14 years. Most currently, Congress has passed successive
laws that extend the term of protection to the life of the author
plus 70 years, to a maximum of 120 years.
11Important Educational Changes In Copyright Law Through
YearsCopyright Act of 1976 - extended federal copyright to
unpublished works; preempted state copyright laws; doctrine of fair
use
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998
The TEACH Act of 2002
Copyright Timeline: A History of Copyright in the
UnitedStates
There have been many other noteworthy changes made in U.S.
Copyright Act through out the years. Those which are most relevant
to educators would be the 1976 revision to the U.S. Copyright Act ,
the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 , and the TEACH Act of
2002.
In 1976, revision of the U.S. copyright Act was undertaken for
two primary reasons. First, technological developments and their
impact on what might be copyrighted, how works might be copied, and
what constituted an infringement needed to be addressed. Second,
the revision was undertaken in anticipation of Berne Convention
adherence by the U.S. It was felt that the statute needed to be
amended to bring the U.S. into accord with international copyright
law, practices, and policies. The act covered the following areas:
scope and subject matter of works covered, exclusive rights,
copyright term, copyright notice and copyright registration,
copyright infringement, fair use, and defenses and remedies to
infringement. With this revision, for the first time the fair use
and first sale doctrines were codified, and copyright was extended
to unpublished works. In addition, a new section was added, section
108, that allowed library photocopying without permission for
purposes of scholarship, preservation, and interlibrary loan under
certain circumstances (Association of Research Libraries,
2007).
On October 12, 1998, Congress passed the Digital Millennium
Copyright Act (DMCA), legislation which made major changes in U.S.
copyright law to address the digitally networked environment. Key
among the topics included in the DMCA are provisions concerning the
circumvention of copyright protection systems, fair use in a
digital environment, and online service provider liability
(Educause).
The TEACH Act of 2002 expands an educators' rights to perform
and display works and to make copies that are fundamental to
digital distance education, making the rights closer to those we
have in face-to-face teaching. But there is still a considerable
gap between what the statute authorizes for face-to-face teaching
and for distance education. The TEACH Act will be further discussed
later in this presentation.
For a better understanding of the major changes in Copyright Law
through the years, click on the link Copyright Timeline: A History
of Copyright in the UnitedStates.
12What is Fair Use?In its most general sense, fair use is any
copying of copyrighted material done for a limited and
transformative" purpose such as to comment upon, criticize or
parody a copyrighted work.
One may make fair use of copyrighted work without the copyright
holders permission.
Fair use doctrine is not a license to steal!
The Fair Use doctrine was created to allow the use of
copyrighted material for criticism and commentary, parody, news
reporting, research and scholarship, and classroom instruction. It
is codified in section 107 of the copyright law. Educational
purposes enjoy the most extensive exemptions provided by the Fair
Use doctrine. For this reason, many educators interpret fair use as
having freedom to use any copyrighted material as long as their use
is for instructional purposes. Unfortunately, this is not the case.
Fair use doctrine is not a license to steal. So, how does one
determine whether or not copyrighted material fall under the Fair
Use doctrine? 13Is It or Isnt Fair Use? According to Section 107 of
the copyright law, four factors must be considered when determining
whether or not a particular use fall under fair use.
The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use
is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational
purposes.The nature of the copyright work.The amount and
substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyright
work as a whole.The effect of the use upon the potential market
for, or value of, the copyrighted work.
Rather than listing exact limits of fair use, section 107 of the
copyright law provides four standards for determination of the fair
use exemption.
The first standard is the purpose and character of the use. One
can ask the questions: Does the new work transform the original
work or offer something beyond the original? Copyrighted works that
are altered significantly are more likely to be considered fair
use. Courts favor works that are transformative and that are not
plain reproductions. Is the use for nonprofit or educational
purposes? Copyrighted works used for nonprofit or educational
purposes are more likely to be considered fair use.
The second standard is nature of the copyrighted work. Questions
one might ask pertaining to this standard are: Is the copyrighted
work published or unpublished? Published works are more likely to
be considered fair use. Is the original work out of print? Out of
print works are more likely to be considered fair use. Is the
copyrighted work factual or creative? Factual works are more likely
to be considered fair use. Additionally, courts favor the use of
nonfiction works over works of fiction.
The third standard is the amount and substantiality of the
portion used in relation to the copyright as a whole? Questions one
might ask pertaining to this standard are: Is the amount of
original work used reasonable? The smaller the percentage of the
work used, the more likely it is to qualify as fair use. Is the
section of the work used the most important part of the work? The
less significant the portion of work used, the more likely it is to
be considered fair share.
The fourth standard is the effect of the use upon the potential
market value of the copyrighted work. A question one might ask is
Does the new work appeal to the same audience as the original work?
Copyrighted works that are used for another purpose or designed to
appeal to a different audience are more likely to be considered
fair use. (L. Starr 2010)
When considering whether or not a work is covered by fair use,
all four factors must be evaluated in each case. Fair use requires
weighing and balancing all four factors before reaching a
conclusion. Each of these factors is subject to interpretation by
the courts as they work to apply the law.
14Guidelines for EducatorsFair Use Checklists: Columbia
University Classroom Copyright Chart Fair Use Chart for Teachers
Guidelines for Educators
FAQs Regarding Copyright and Fair Use Copyright and Fair Use
Stanford University Libraries
Over the years several groups composed of librarians, educators,
and publishers have prepared unofficial guidelines that specify the
number of line of text, measures of music, or minutes of video that
may be used by educators under fair use. Unfortunately these
guidelines can be misleading to educators because no exact measure
of allowable use exists in the law. Quantity must be evaluated
relative to the length of the entire work. Most copyright experts
recommend this rule of thumbWhen in doubt, assume a work is
copyrighted and ask permission to use it. I have provided several
links on the slide which provide further information on fair use
guidelines for educators. The Columbia University link is the
official guide used at Colombia University. It is a highly regarded
guide and has been used and copied by other copyright legal experts
in education. The link at the bottom of the slide comes from
Stanford University which also has a valuable website which
addresses frequently asked questions pertaining to copyright and
fair use issues. 15Fair Use and the Internet Most Web pages,
including the information on them and the code used to create them,
are protected by copyright law.
Copyrighted work on the Web is governed by the international
treaty the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works.
As mentioned previously in this presentation, the internet is
not considered the public domain. Therefore, one might question
What are the guidelines for using works obtained off the internet.
Copyrighted work on the Web is governed by the International Treaty
the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic
Works. Its noteworthy to mention that this treaty allows individual
countries to establish their own rules about what works are in the
public domain, and those rules can vary from country to country (L.
Starr 2010.) As a general rule of thumb, to determine if an
internet resource is copyrighted or in the public domain, relate it
as closely as possible to a print resource. If it falls under
copyrighted material in print, then it is most likely copyrighted
material on the Web.
16Copyright, Fair Use and Online Teaching The TEACH Act A Guide
to Teach Act TEACH Act Checklist
Since most of the information which has been discussed thus far
covers tangible copyrighted materials which educators might use in
the classroom, one might ask Do the same laws apply for materials
used in an online learning environment? The answer is it
depends.
The Technology, Education, and Copyright Harmonization (TEACH)
Act is an amendment to the Copyright Act of 1976. The purpose of
the Teach Act is to specifically address educational uses of
copyrighted material, including media that did not exist in 1976
such as digitized, network transmissible materials. Its primary
purpose is to balance the needs of distance learners and educators
with the rights of copyright holders. Some of the special copyright
requirements of online distance learning are specifically addressed
by the TEACH Act. This Act permits teachers and students of
accredited, nonprofit educational institutions to transmit
performances and displays of copyrighted works as part of a course
if certain conditions are met. If these conditions are not or
cannot be met, use of the material will have to qualify as a fair
use or have the permission of the copyright holder to be lawful.
(Wikipedia)
In order for the use of copyrighted materials in distance
education to qualify for the TEACH exemptions, the following
criteria must be met: The institution must be an accredited,
non-profit educational institution. The use must be part of
mediated instructional activities. The use must be limited to a
specific number of students enrolled in a specific class. The use
must either be for 'live' or asynchronous class sessions. The use
must not include the transmission of textbook materials, materials
"typically purchased or acquired by students," or works developed
specifically for online uses. Only "reasonable and limited
portions," such as might be performed or displayed during a typical
live classroom session, may be used. The institution must have
developed and publicized its copyright policies, specifically
informing students that course content may be covered by copyright,
and include a notice of copyright on the online materials. The
institution must implement some technological measures to ensure
compliance with these policies, beyond merely assigning a password.
Ensuring compliance through technological means may include user
and location authentication through Internet Protocol (IP)
checking, content timeouts, print-disabling, cut & paste
disabling, etc.
What TEACH Does Not AllowThe new exemptions under TEACH
specifically do not extend to: Electronic reserves, coursepacks
(electronic or paper) or interlibrary loan (ILL). Commercial
document delivery. Textbooks or other digital content provided
under license from the author, publisher, aggregator or other
entity. Conversion of materials from analog to digital formats,
except when the converted material is used solely for authorized
transmissions and when a digital version of a work is unavailable
or protected by technological measures.
It is also important to note that TEACH does not supersede fair
use or existing digital license agreements.
17The Code of Best Practice The Code of Best Practice Identifies
five sets of current practices in the use copyrighted materials in
media literacy education to which the doctrine of fair use clearly
applies.
What are an educators best resources for understanding copyright
and fair use when working with internet and multimedia materials?
The Code of best practice is a document that helps educators using
media literacy concepts and techniques to interpret the copyright
doctrine of fair use. As an important step in reclaiming their fair
use rights, educators should become familiar with this document.
According to the Code of Best Practice:
Educators can choose illustrative material from the full range
of copyrighted sources and make them available to learners, in
class, in workshops, in informal mentoring and teacher settings,
and on school related Web sites. Educators can integrate
copyrighted material into curriculum materials, including books,
workbooks, podcasts, DVD compilations, videos, Web sites, and other
materials designed for learning. Educators can share effective
examples of teaching about media and meaning with one another,
including lessons and resource materials. Educators can be free to
enable learners to incorporate, modify, and re-present existing
media objects in their own classroom work. Educators can work with
learners to make a reasoned decision about distribution that
reflects sound pedagogy and ethical values. 18Creative CommonsThere
are six major licenses of the Creative Commons:
Attribution Attribution Share Alike Attribution No Derivatives
Attribution Non-Commercial Attribution Non-Commercial Share Alike
Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives
One useful Web site educators may want to use when designing
lessons or share with their students who are completing research or
a projects is Creative Commons. Creative Commons was founded in
2001 by Larry Lessing. This Web site is devoted to expanding the
range of creative works available for others to build upon legally
and to share. The organization has released several copyright
licenses known as Creative Commons Licenses free of charge to the
public. These licenses allow creators to communicate which rights
they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit of
recipients or other creators. Creative Commons was invented to
create a more flexible copyright model, replacing "all rights
reserved" with "some rights reserved (Wikipedia, 2011).
There are six different types of major Creative Commons
licenses. They include:
The Attribution LicenseThis license lets others distribute,
remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long
as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most
accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum
dissemination and use of licensed materials.
The Attribution-ShareAlike LicenseThis license lets others
remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial
purposes, as long as they credit you and license their new
creations under the identical terms. This license is often compared
to copyleft free and open source software licenses. All new works
based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will
also allow commercial use. This is the license used by Wikipedia,
and is recommended for materials that would benefit from
incorporating content from Wikipedia and similarly licensed
projects.
The Attribution-NoDerivatives LicenseThis license allows for
redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is
passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you.
The Attribution-NonCommercial LicenseThis license lets others
remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and
although their new works must also acknowledge you and be
non-commercial, they dont have to license their derivative works on
the same terms.
The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike LicenseThis license
lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work
non-commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new
creations under the identical terms.
The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives LicenseThis license
is the most restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing
others to download your works and share them with others as long as
they credit you, but they cant change them in any way or use them
commercially. (Creative Commons, 2011)
19Are you a criminal??Have you ever..
made multiple copies of an article from a magazine and used it
again and again without obtaining permission?
made a DVD copy of a television program and used it in class as
part of a lesson?
made copies of a chapter in a textbook?
copied an image from the internet and posted into one of your
lessons?
Lets go back and answer the questions posted at the beginning of
this presentation. The answers are based on the guidelines created
by librarians, educators, and publishers which were previously
discussed.
If you answered yes to the first question Have you ever made
multiple copies of an article from a magazine and used it again and
again with obtaining permission?, then youve probably been breaking
copyright law. Making multiple copies to use again and again
without permission from the creator or author is considered to be
illegal use of copyrighted material.
If you answered yes to question number two Have you ever made a
DVD copy of a television program and used it in class as part of a
lesson? and were using the program for instructional purposes and
just not for entertainment within 10 days of the recording, then
you are probably O.K. However, the recording may only be maintained
for 45 days and the tape must be used only during the first 10
consecutive days of the 45 day retention period.
If you answered yes to question number three Have you ever made
copies of a chapter in a textbook?, and you made multiple copies
(one per student) for only one course and if you included the
copyright notice and attribution then youre probably O.K. If,
however you made multiple copies for more than one course or to
avoid the purchase of a textbook, then you have made your copies
illegally.
If you answered yes to question four Have you ever copied an
image from the internet and posted into one of your lessons?, and
made a single copy of the image to be used in a lesson plan then
youre O.K. However, if you made multiple copies of the image to be
used over and over again in student hand-outs, then youve probably
been breaking copyright law.20Copyright and Fair Use Summary Use
public domain resources whenever possible. If in doubt, ask
permission. Develop collaborative efforts with other teachers.
In closing to this presentation, there are some key point to
remember when planning lessons and having your students do research
or projects. First, use public domain resources whenever possible.
Second, if in doubt ask permission before using copyrighted
materials. Be sure to instruct your students to do the same.
Whenever its impracticable to obtain permission, use of copyrighted
material should be avoided unless the doctrine of fair use would
clearly apply to the situation. Third, develop collaborative effort
with other teachers. Create a share-file of public domain materials
and share with your colleagues to use.
21ReferencesNewsome. C. A Teacher's Guide to Fair Use and
Copyright. (2000). Retrieved
from:http://home.earthlink.net/~cnew/research.htm#Introduction
Association of Research Libraries. (2007). Copyright Timeline: A
History of Copyright in the UnitedStates Retrieved from:
http://www.arl.org/pp/ppcopyright/copyresources/copytimeline.shtml
University System of Georgia. (2011) Copyright Generally (2000).
Retrieved from: http://www.usg.edu/copyright/
Starr. L. Copyrights and Copying Wrongs (2010). Retrieved from:
http://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/curr280a.shtml
University of Texas System (2011) The TEACH Act finally Becomes
Law. (2002). Retrieved from:
http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/intellectualproperty/teachact.htm
Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information
Resources . (2011) What is Fair Use? (2007). Retrieved from:
http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/chapter9/9-a.html
Stanford University Libraries & Academic Information
Resources . (2011) Copyright and Fair Use Overview (2007).
Retrieved from:
http://fairuse.stanford.edu/Copyright_and_Fair_Use_Overview/index.html
Colombia University Libraries/Information Services . (2011) Fair
Use Check List (2011). Retrieved
from:http://copyright.columbia.edu/copyright/files/2009/10/fairusechecklist.pdf
Educational Cyber Playground (2011_ Copyright Laws Dos and
Donts: What is legal in the School Classroom (1997) Retrieved from:
http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Teachers/copyrightlaw.html
22References ContinuedSchool of Communications and Theater
Temple University. (2011). Y2008 Code of Best Practices for Fair
Use in Media Literacy Education (2009) Retrieved
from:http://mediaeducationlab.com/sites/mediaeducationlab.com/files/CodeofBestPracticesinFairUse.pdf
Creative Commons. (2011). About the Licenses (2011) Retrieved
from:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
23ImagesSchroeder clipart retrieved from:
http://xfactorleona.com/video_f5j_BGh5AzE_page_1_tag_snoopy.html
Angry man photo retrieved from:
http://hesham.aminus3.com/image/2009-10-17.html
Checklist clipart retrieved from:
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Burglar clipart retrieved from:
http://www.clipartof.com/details/clipart/214632.html
Policeman clipart retrieved from:
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Copyright symbol clipart retrieved from:
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Owl clipart retrieved from:
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Artist clipart retrieved from:
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Musical notes clipart retrieved from:
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Judge clipart retrieved from:
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24Images ContinuedCopying machine clipart retrieved from:
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Scales of Justice clipart retrieved from:
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Clock clipart retrieved from:
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Questioning person clipart retrieved from:
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Clipboard clipart retrieved from:
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Student photo retrieved from:
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Creative Commons clipart retrieved from:
http://www.scribemedia.org/2009/01/23/commons-commons-whats-non-commercial-anyway/
Conference: Clipart: http://kslibassoc.org/
25AudioGuaraldi V (1964) Peanuts Theme Song Linus and Lucy.
Downloaded from: http://www.televisiontunes.com/Peanuts.html
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