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Table of Content pg.1

1. Introduction pg. 2 – 3

1.1. What is Scaffolding? pg. 2

1.2. Competent and Qualified Person pg. 3

2. Components of Scaffolding pg. 4 – 6

2.1. Standard pg. 4

2.2. Ledgers pg. 4

2.3. Transoms pg. 5

2.4. Scaffold fittings pg. 5 – 6

3. Materials of Scaffolding pg. 7 – 8

3.1. Tubular Steel pg. 7

3.2. Aluminium Alloy pg. 8

3.3. Timber pg. 8

4. Types of Scaffolding pg. 9 – 17

4.1. Supported Scaffolding pg. 9 – 11

4.2. Tube and Coupler Scaffolding pg. 12 – 14

4.3. Suspended Scaffolding pg. 15 – 17

5. Methodology of Scaffolding (Frame Scaffolding) pg. 18

6. Case Study – Safety Precautions of Frame Scaffolding in Malaysia pg.19 – 23

6.1. Introduction pg.19 – 20

6.2. Root Causes of Scaffolding Accidents pg. 21 – 23

7. Conclusion pg. 24

References pg. 25 – 26

Appendices pg. 27 – 30

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1. Introduction

1.1. What is Scaffolding?

Scaffolding in building construction is a temporary platform constructed for supporting

workers and holding materials during the process of construction, maintenance, repair, or

cleaning of building or other structure. Scaffolding aids safety of workers and allow access to

areas that are hard to reach. It contains one or more planks of different size and length, with

several methods of support, ranging from simple to complex design, depending on the

usage.

Since ancient times, scaffolding has been existing and being used. Evidence of the

ancient Egyptians using the help of scaffolding for their pyramids construction had been

found by the historians. There are rules and guidelines for scaffolding construction that have

to be followed by the construction companies in the current construction industry. Many

construction workmen, painters, and building maintenance crews are working on the

scaffolding, and due to the nature of its use, the construction companies must follow the

rules properly to provide a safe platform to work and a safe access to the materials required.

Construction site workers should also be trained to use the scaffolding. If proper training is

not provided, those who works on scaffolding are at risk for falls and falling objects which

could lead to severe or even fatal injuries.

Figure 1.1 Frame Scaffolding

Source http://jtbsafetyresources.com/scaffolding-training#/oil_and_gas_safety_services/

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1.2. Competent and Qualified Person

The terms “competent person” and “qualified person” are created by the federal

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) to label those who are able to

evaluate unsafe conditions and mechanical systems, examine equipment, and also train the

others to work safely.

1.2.1 The Competent Person

The competent person is an individual who is able to evaluate unsafe working

environments and has authorization to take quick corrective measures to eliminate them

(Brasch, n.d.). The individual is in charge of supervising all assembly, disassembly, and

movement of scaffolding. Erectors and dismantlers must be trained by the competent person

to recognize hazards associated with their work. He must have the knowledge of the

requirements which are relevant to the types of scaffolds used. The competent person

should always decide if it is safe to work on scaffolds during bad weathers. He must also

have the sufficient knowledge to determine whether scaffold components made of different

metals or made by different manufacturers can be used together. Lastly, the competent

person has to identify the causes of deteriorated scaffold components and fix or replace

them.

1.2.2. The Qualified Person

A qualified person is someone who has an acknowledged degree, or has broad

knowledge, training, and experience, and has the capability to solve problems associated to

the job. The individual does not have to be a registered professional engineer. Scaffolds

must be planned by a qualified person and have to be built and loaded depending on the

design.

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2. Components of Scaffolding

There are three general elements of scaffolding which are standard, ledgers and

transoms.

2.1. Standard

A standard is a long pipe or tube that links the overall weight of the scaffold straight

to the ground, and it runs the full span of the scaffolding.

Figure 2.1 Different lengths of standards

Source http://metecmetal.en.made-in-china.com/product/xeIJEhZHgwcA/China-Cuplock-

Scaffolding-System-Standard.html

2.2 Ledgers

A ledger is the base of each standard that is linked to a base plate, which helps

allocate the weight of each standard bears. The main function of ledgers is to add further

support and weight distribution of the scaffolding.

Figure 2.2 Ledgers

Source http://www.australianscaffolds.com.au/KWIKSTAGE.html

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2.3. Transoms

There are two types of transforms, main transoms and intermediate

transoms. Main transoms provide support for standards by holding them in position as well

as supporting boards while intermediate transoms are placed alongside main transoms to

lend additional board support (Unknown, 2014).

2.4. Scaffold fittings

Scaffolding fittings are usually made out of steel or aluminium alloy. The following

are the major scaffold fittings:

2.4.1. Double Coupler

Serve as the connecting component of ledgers and standards. It is the only scaffold

fitting that bears load.

Figure 2.3 Double Coupler for scaffolding

Source http://czyueyang.en.made-in-china.com/product/JqZEzPLoYIhg/China-Scaffolding-

Pipe-Coupler-Double-Coupler-KZ48-1-.html

2.4.2. Swivel Coupler

Consists of two single couplers that can be reverted to make it possible to be rotated

and this allows scaffold tubes to connect to it at any angles.

Figure 2.4 Swivel Coupler

Source http://www.qrbiz.com/buy_american-type-forged-swivel-coupler

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2.4.3. Putlog Coupler

Used exclusively for setting putlogs or transoms to the horizontal ledgers.

Figure 2.5 Putlog Coupler

Source http://www.cyruscorporation.co/putlog-coupler-1310069.html

2.4.4. Base Plate

A square plate that distributes the load of the scaffolding from the foot of a standard

onto a sole plate or firm ground. Base plates can be obtained with a threaded spigot and nut

for use on sloping sites to make up variations in levels (Chudley, 1996).

Figure 2.6 Scaffolding Base Plate

Source http://www.badgerladder.com/steel-base-plate/

2.4.5. Split Joint Pin

Joins scaffold tube from one end to another. A centre bolt expands the two parts

which hold on the bore of the tubes.

2.4.6. Reveal Pin

In order to form an adjustable strut, reveal pin fits into the end of a tube.

2.4.7. Putlog End

A flat plate which fits on the end of a scaffold tube to convert into a putlog (Chudley,

1996).

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3. Materials of Scaffolding

Typically, materials of scaffolding consist of tubular steel, tubular aluminum alloy and

timber.

3.1. Tubular Steel

According to British Standard 1139, welded and seamless steel tubes shall have an

external diameter of 48mm and a bore diameter of 38mm. The steel tubes can be either

galvanized or ungalvanized. After each usage, ungalvanized steel tubes have to be

maintained by painting or oil bath. One of the major flaws of tubular steel is its weight. It is

three times heavier compared to aluminum alloy tubes. However, tubular steels are much

more durable than aluminum alloy tubes.

Figure 3.1 Steel pipe for scaffolding

Source http://www.ec21.com/product-details/Scaffolding-Steel-Pipe-Scaffold-Scaffolding--

4359673.html

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3.2. Aluminum Alloy

According to British Standard 1139, aluminum alloy tubes with an external diameter

of 48mm are compulsory for metal scaffolding. Aluminum alloy tube have to be painted with

bitumastic paint before use in order to prevent corrosion after coming in contact with wer

cement and damp lime.

Figure 3.2 Aluminum Alloy Scaffolding Plank

Source http://www.alibaba.com/products-directory/recommended-aluminium-alloy-

scaffolding.html

3.3. Timber

Timber is used in both putlog and independent scaffolding and is used extensively in

many developing countries but is rare in developed country such as United Kingdom. When

timber is used as a scaffolding material, coupling fittings are being replaced by wire or rope.

Timbers are being lashed together with the wire or rope.

Figure 3.3 Timber Scaffolding

Source http://formworkblog.com/public/965

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4. Types of Scaffolding

Generally, there are three main types of scaffolding which are supported scaffolding,

suspended scaffolding and aerial lifts.

4.1. Supported Scaffolding

Supported scaffolds consist of one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams,

brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support (OSHA, n.d.). It is built

from base to upward. (Formark Scaffolding, 2013). Below are the common used types of

supported scaffolding.

4.1.1. Framed Scaffolding

It is one of the most commonly used type of scaffolding in Malaysia’s construction

industry. Framed scaffoldings are the platforms supported on fabricated end frames with

integral posts, horizontal bearers, and intermediate members. It is the most common type of

scaffold because they are versatile, economical, and easy to use. Their modular frames can

be stacked several stories high for use on large-scale construction jobs. As frames are

stacked, cross braces must be of such length as will automatically keep the scaffold plumb,

level and square. Frames and panels must be locked together to prevent up uplift. Uplift is

the separation of a frame from the frame below it.

The figures below show the examples of framed scaffolding that are being used in

several construction sites in Malaysia.

Figure 4.1 Framed Scaffolding in a Construction Site at Malacca.

Source Lee Qian Ying

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Figure 4.2 Framed Scaffolding in a Construction Site in Malacca.

Source Lee Qian Ying

Figure 4.3 Framed Scaffolding in a Construction Site in Bandar Kinrara, Puchong.

Source Tan Kai Sin

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4.1.2. Mobile Scaffolding

Mobile scaffolding also known as mobile access tower is another type of scaffolding

that can be commonly seen in Malaysia. Mobile scaffolding is a type of unpowered, portable,

caster-or wheel-mounted supported scaffold. It is used to gain access to buildings for

maintenance and repair. It has at least one platform to work and at least four legs and each

is fitted with castor. It moves on only hard ground surface or concrete floor.

Figure 4.4 Mobile Scaffolding in a Café at Taylor’s University that is Undergoing

Renovations.

Source Lee Qian Ying

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4.2. Tube and Coupler Scaffolding

There are two types of scaffolding under tube and coupler scaffolding which are

independent scaffolding and putlog scaffolding.

4.2.1. Independent Scaffolding

An autonomous tied platform comprises of two columns of principles, each one line

parallel. The internal column is situated as near the building as useful, with just enough room

to consider an inside board between within norms and the building. The separation between

within benchmarks and the outside norms will be controlled by the quantity of sheets

needed.

Records are settled to the norms utilizing right-hand couplers and the records, in the same

way as the guidelines, are altered parallel to the building. Transoms are settled to the

measures (where conceivable) utilizing right-hand couplers or to the records utilizing putlog

couplers. Props are settled slanting to the records or norms. Influence propping or

longitudinal supporting is settled to the models over the substance of the framework.

The dispersing of the models to structure the inlet length relies on upon the tallness

and stacking of the platform. The dividing of the records or the lift tallness is regularly 2

meters yet in specific circumstances lifts may be more noteworthy, gave the gauges are

equipped for supporting the heap.

Figure 4.5 Independent Scaffolding

Source http://www.rubo-

serwis.pl/en/media/uploaded/produkty/rusztowania/modulowe/basic-elements-of-modular-

scaffolding.jpg

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The following are the different types of independent scaffoldings which are being

used for different purposes:

Inspection and Very Light Duty

Maximum of one working platform

Not less than three boards wide

Maximum bay length of 2.7 metres

Maximum loading of 75 kg/m2

Light Duty (painting, pointing, etc.)

Maximum of two working platforms

Minimum width of four boards

Maximum bay length of 2.4 metres

Maximum loading of 150 kg/m2

General Purpose (brickwork, plastering, etc.)

Maximum of two working platforms

Minimum width of five boards

Maximum bay length of 2 metres

Maximum loading of 200 kg/m2

Heavy Duty (brickwork, blockwork, etc.)

Maximum of two working platforms

Minimum of five boards wide

Maximum bay length of 2 metres

Maximum loading of 250 kg/m2

Masonry or Special Duty (masonry, cladding, etc.)

Maximum of one working platform

Minimum of six to eight boards wide

Maximum bay length of 1.8 metres

Maximum loading of 300 kg

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4.2.2. Putlog Scaffolding

Putlog scaffolding is consists of a single row of standards set away from the wall

at 1.25m or 1.30m. The standards are connected by a ledger fixed with right angle

couplers and the putlogs are fixed to the ledgers using putlog couplers. It erected as the

building rises. It is mostly used for brick construction. The putlog scaffolding is partly

supported by the building.

There are difference in loadings and spacing for differences purposes:

General Purpose

Maximum Standard Spacing 2.1 M

Maximum Loading 2.0 kN

Heavy Duty:

Maximum Standard Spacing 2 M

Maximum Loading 2.5 kN

Average height of lifts 1.35 M approx..

Maximum height 50 M (unless designed)

Figure 4.6 Putlog Scaffolding

Source http://www.tubitt.com/gifs/putlog2.gif

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4.3. Suspended Scaffolding

Suspended scaffolding also known as hanging scaffolding is platform hang from

an overhead structure. It is used when it is impossible to construct scaffolding from floor

to upper level but access to an upper level is required. It is usually used for maintenance

works or cleaning work for an existing building. There are several types of suspended

scaffolding.

Figure 4.7 All types of suspended scaffoldings.

Source https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/scaffolding/images/suspended.jpg

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4.3.1. Single-point adjustable

Platform supported by one rope from overhead support and equipped to allow

workers access to required working level. For example, by window washers clean on

skyscrapers.

4.3.2. Two- point adjustable

It is the most common type of suspended scaffolding. The platform supported by

hangers (stirrups) suspended by two ropes from overhead supports and equipped with a

means to permit the platform to be raised and lowered.

4.3.3. Catenary

Platform supported by two horizontal and parallel ropes attached to structural

members of a building.

4.3.4. Multi-point adjustable

More than two ropes to support the platform from overhead structure and

equipped to allow the platform raised or lowered. It included chimney hoist. “Chimney

hoists mean a temporary hoist used for transport personnel”. For example, used for

chimney-cleaning.

4.3.5. Interior hung

Fixed- length supports platform from the ceiling or roof structure.

4.3.6. Needle beam

Platform which supported from needle beam attached to a permanent structure.

4.3.7. Multi-level

Multi-point adjustable scaffolding is which at various level resting on common

stirrups.

4.3.8. Float (Ship)

It is consist of a braced platform resting on two parallel bearers and hung from

overhead supports by ropes of fixed length.

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4.3.9. Aerial Lifts

Aerial lifts are not commonly used in Malaysia’s construction industry. It is a

vehicle-mounted aerial device. It may be made of metal, fiberglass-reinforced plastic or

other materials. Aerial lifts is used when there are some levels or height are hard to

reach.

Figure 4.8 Aerial Lift

Source http://blakleyequipment.com/images/boomLift.jpg

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5. Methodology of Scaffolding (Frame Scaffolding)

STEP 1

Sole plates that are suitable are selected and their positions are being set out.

Unless the surface is concrete or other firm surfaces, the sole plates should be bedded as level as possible. STEP 2

2 people are needed for this step. One individual is needed to hold a unit frame of scaffolding while the other one is needed to screw jack set to the lowest adjustment,

fitted inside the base of each leg or standard. Each ends of a folding brace to one frame on one side. After that, attach the other end of the brace to the other unit frame on

the same side. STEP 3

Another brace is fitted on the other side of the bay. The levels of both sides

are adjusted using the adjustable screw jacks. Then, a plank or a straight edge is

placed on top of the frames to enable the levelling of the bay. STEP 4

The working platform is decked with planks to the full length of the scaffolding. Height coupler is inserted to connect the next unit frame and the previous 3 steps are repeated in order to install an additional lift. The working platform should be fully decked out, toe boards fit, hand rails fitted, additional bracing or outriggers fitted if required and the whole scaffolding is checked for completion after the desired height

(maximum 4 metres) is reached.

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6. Case Study – Safety Precautions of Frame Scaffolding in Malaysia

6.1. Introduction

One of the major contributors of a country’s economic development is the

construction industry. However, Dayang, N.M.A.A. and Chai, G.M.W. (2010, p1)

concluded that according to their provided statistics the construction industry is also one

of the major contributors when it comes to deadly accidents. Quite a number of the fatal

construction related accidents involves the scaffolding. The figure provided by

Malaysia’s Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) shows the

occupational accidents by sector until June 2014. The construction industry is one of the

sectors that contributed to the most numbers of occupational accidents.

Figure 5.1 Occupational Accidents by Sector until June 2014.

Source

http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1225&Itemid=

545&lang=en

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In Malaysia’s construction industry, one of the most commonly used types of

scaffolding is frame scaffolding. According to Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA), there are several guidelines that must be followed when it

comes to scaffolding use in the construction industry. Unfortunately, the guidelines are

not fully followed by the individuals who are involved in the construction industry. The

following table provides the statistics of fatal construction accidents that involves

scaffolding from year 2007 to 2008 that were being recorded by DOSH.

Date Case Location

11 January 2007 Scaffolding Collapse Construction Site,

Kuala Lumpur.

20 August 2007 Fall from Scaffolding Construction Site,

Negeri Sembilan.

5 May 2008 Struck by Scaffolding Frame Construction Site,

Selangor.

28 July 2008 Slip from Platform Construction Site,

Johor.

25 August 2008 Struck by Scaffolding Construction Site,

Kuala Lumpur.

Table 1.1 Statistics of Fatal Construction Accidents That Involves Scaffolding from Year

2007 to 2008.

Source Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of

Human Resources, 2009.

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6.2. Root Causes of Scaffolding Accidents

6.2.1. Lack of Proper Training

One of the mutual roots of accidents related to scaffolding is that the employees

or workers were not well trained. They fail to identify and avoid the hazards. They are

lack of knowledge on how to shield themselves from the accidents.

Although some employers may have already provided their employees to receive

formal training, however as majority of Malaysia’s construction workers consist of foreign

worker form countries like Bangladesh for instance, they may have problem in fully

understanding the training program as these programs are usually conducted in either

Bahasa Malaysia or English. Neither of these two languages clearly isn’t their mother

tongue.

OSHA (2002) concluded that employers must train each employee who works on

a scaffold on the hazards and the procedures to control the hazards. Therefore, the

employers have the responsibilities to provide a sufficient amount of training to the

employees in order to raise their awareness in the possible dangers that they could

expose themselves into if they do not follow the provided safety precaution guidelines

especially when it comes to scaffolding. Without proper training, the employees would

not be able to identify the life-threatening fall hazards and dangers.

In the figure below, a worker at a construction site in Bandar Kinrara, Puchong

who was working on a scaffolding, exposed himself into danger by stepping on a timber

formwork which the length of it was extended beyond the scaffolding, if he took a wrong

step and stepped on the edge of the timber formwork, he might fall and suffered from

deadly injuries as he did not wear a safety belt.

Figure 5.2 The worker was not aware of the danger he exposed himself into Source Tan Kai Sin

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6.2.2. Unsafe Site Condition

Poor housekeeping of the construction site may result in hazardous site

condition, eventually exposing the construction worker to fatal dangers. OSHA (2002)

provided that each platform must be planked and decked as fully as possible with the

space between the platform and uprights not more than 2.5 centimetres wide and

scaffold planking must be able to support, without failure, its own weight and at least four

times the intended load.

The figure below shows that a piece of chipped timber is being used as the

scaffolding platform at a LRT construction site at Bandar Kinrara, Puchong. This clearly

is violating the guideline being set out by OSHA. A piece of chipped timber obviously is

not capable enough to the weight of a worker and the tools that are being carried by him

or her. If the platform collapses, the worker who is working on it at that time barely has

any chances to survive.

Figure 5.3 Chipped timber plank being used as scaffolding platform

Source Tan Kai Sin

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6.2.3. Safety Equipment Not Provided

Besides providing sufficient training, the employer also has the responsibility to

provide safety equipment for the employees in order to reduce the hazards working on

sites. North California State University’s Environmental and Public Safety Department

(2014) concluded the points that shall be kept in mind when working on scaffolding as

the following:

Hard hats are required gear whether you are working on scaffolding or near one.

When working on a scaffold, wear non-skid shoes.

When working on swinging scaffolds, use a safety belt attached to either a

secure line or to a structure - not to the scaffold.

However, some employers did not provide all the safety equipment that is being

stated above. The figure below show two construction workers who are working on a

scaffolding. The only safety equipment that they have on is the safety helmets. They are

not wearing non-skid shoes and safety belts.

Figure 5.4 Construction Workers Not Provided with Safety Equipment

Source Tan Kai Sin

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7. Conclusion

After careful observations of several different construction sites in Malaysia, we

came into a conclusion that scaffolding related accidents are mainly resulted by three

causes which are lack of proper training, unsafe side condition and safety equipment not

provided. These causes are all results of negligence of the employers towards their

employees’ safety.

In order to ensure the safety of the scaffolding user, the process of building up

the scaffoldings has to be supervised by the titled person. The scaffolding must be

installed following to the scheme of professional engineer. Before the erection of the

scaffolding, all of the components must be thoroughly checked and examined that they

are in good condition and free of rust.

During the period on construction, the scaffoldings used on site must be checked

regularly at least once a month to ensure the safety of the scaffolding users.

Furthermore, the main contractor has to conduct hazard calculation on the process of

construction and prolong the requirement to all the sub-contractors participating in the

process.

Last but not least, “contractor must complies with Section X, Factories and

Machinery (Building Operations and Work of Engineering Construction) (Safety)

Regulations 1986 on scaffolds and make reference to the Guidelines of Safe Scaffolds

Installation and Guidelines on Protection from Falls at Workplace” (Department of

Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), 2009).

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References

Brasch, E., (n.d.). Supported Scaffolds: Requirements and Best Practices for the

Construction Industry. Retrieved 30th October, 2014 from

http://www.cbs.state.or.us/osha/pdf/pubs/4904.pdf

Chudley, R., (1987). Construction Technology 4 (2nd ed.). Essex ,United Kingdom:

Longman.

Dayang, N.M.A.A. & Chai, G.M.W., (2010). An Analysis of Accidents Statistics in

Malaysian Construction Sector. Paper presented at 2010 International

Conference on E-business, Management and Economics. Location:

http://www.ipedr.com/vol3/1-B10029.pdf

Department of Education and Training, State of New South Wales. (2005). Erect and

dismantle restricted height scaffolding. New South Wales: Unknown.

Retrieved on 15th November, 2014 from

http://nswshopfitting.wikispaces.com/file/view/erect+and+dismantle+restri

cted+heights+scaffolding.pdf

Department of Occupational Safety and Health, (2009). Scaffolds Failure at Construction

Site. Retrieved on 16th November, 2014 from

http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id

=107%3Ascaffolds-failure-at-construction-

site&catid=440&Itemid=1127&lang=en

Department of Occupational Safety and Health, (2014). Occupational Accident Statistics

by Sector. Retrieved on 16th November, 2014 from

http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id

=1225&Itemid=545&lang=en

FENC (n.d). Independent Scaffolds. 3-4. Retrieved from

http://moodle.sbc.ac.uk/sharedContent/repository/construction/fenc_const

ruction_materials/Scaffolding/Independent%20Scaffolds/Independent%20

Scaffolds.pdf

Formark Scaffolding. (2013). Types of Scaffolding and Their Uses [Website] Retrieved

from http://www.formarkscaffolding.co.uk/types-of-scaffolding-and-their-

uses.html

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NC State University, Department of Health & Public Safety, (2014). Scaffold Safety

Guidelines. Retrieved on 16th November, 2014 from

http://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/www99/right/handsMan/factsheet/scaffold.html

O’Brien, D.J., (2014). Lack Of Training Is Often The Cause Of Workers Falling From

Heights At Construction Sites. Retrieved on 16th November, 2014 from

http://www.thepanjinjurylawyers.com/library/lack-of-training-cause-

construction-workers-to-fall-from-heights-pa-fall-accident-lawyer.cfm

OSHA. (n.d). Supported Scaffolds [Website] Retrieved from

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/scaffolding/supported/

OSHA. (n.d). Frame or Fabricated [Website] Retrieved from

https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/scaffolding/supported/frame/frame.htm

l

Occupational Safety and Health Administration.(2002). A Guide to Scaffold Use in the

Construction Industry. Retrieved on 16th November, 2014 from

https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3150.pdf

Safway. (2013). Safety Issues : Mobile Scaffolds. 1. Retrieved from

http://www.safway.com/PDF/ORN900-6.pdf

Scaffold, (2014). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 30th October, 2014 from

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/526266/scaffold

The University of Tennessee. (n.d). Scaffolding. [ppt.] Retrieved from

http://web.utk.edu/~ehss/pdf/Scaffolds.pdf

Thomasnet, (2014). Basic Scaffolding Elements. Retrieved on 30th October, 2014 from

http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/plant-facility-equipment/scaffolding-

elements-basics

Tubitt, (n.d). Independent Tied Scaffolds. [Website] Retrieved from

http://www.tubitt.com/independenttied.asp

Tubitt, (n.d). Putlog Scaffolds. [Website] Retrieved from http://www.tubitt.com/putlog.asp

Unknown, (2012). Scaffolding: Purpose of Scaffolding. Retrieved on 30th October. 2014

from http://www.thegreenbook.com/scaffolding.htm

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Appendices

Figure 6.1 Online newspaper article from Malaysia Today (30th May, 2013)

Source http://www.malaysia-today.net/another-qfreakq-mrt-accident-at-subang/

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Figure 6.2 Cut out of online newspaper from Borneo Post Online (29th December, 2011)

Source http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/12/29/man-dies-in-fall-at-construction-site/

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Figure 6.3 Cut out from The Straits Times (28th January, 2014)

Source http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/singapore/story/worker-dies-after-

falling-four-storeys-scaffolding-which-collapsed-201

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Figure 6.4 Newspaper cut out from The Star (2nd July, 2014)

Source http://www.perkeso.gov.my/en/contact-us/location-and-working-

hours/branch/item/1902-nine-deaths,-33-accidents-at-construction-sites-in-first-three-

months.html