CONSCIOUS-RAISING APPROACH

( SMITH AND RUTHERFORD)

developed by Smith (1981) and Rutherford (1987)

Are approach in pedagogical grammar Also known by its acronym CR Basically a cognitive approach to

grammatical instruction Does not teach grammatical rules and

principles as done in traditional prescriptive grammar rather helps learners discover for themselves aspects of the grammatical structure by showing the grammatical counterparts of ungrammatical construction.

Students are asked to judge sentences and make connections on the sentence.

Conscious-raising Approach

Smith and Rutherford use this approach to call the

attention of the features of the ergatives.

VERB

TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE

ERGATIVE

WITH TRANSITIVE

COUNTERPART

WITHOUT TRANSITIVE

COUNTERPART

UNERGATIVE

1. A. The heat of the sun melted the ice.(transitive, active voice) B. The ice was melted by the heat of the sun. (transitive, passive voice) C. The ice melted because of the heat of the sun. (intransitive, ergative)2. A. The burglar broke the window. (transitive, active voice) B. The window was broken by the burglar. (transitive, Passive voice) C. The window broke to pieces. (intransitive, ergative)

Examples for Ergatives

ERGATIVE WITH A TRANSITIVE COUNTERPART

ERGATIVES W/O A TRANSITIVE COUNTERPART

1.A) The water was boiled to make it safe for drinking.

A)The water rose to dangerous levels.

B) The water boiled

2.A) I accidentally burst the balloon.

2. The leaves fell.

B)The balloon burst

ACTIVITY

Direction: Write the letter that best describes the grammaticality of the sentences in the dialogue.

A. CLEARLY GOOD ENGLISH( GRAMMATICAL ENGLISH )B. PROBABLY GOOD ENGLISHC. PROBABLY BAD ENGLISHD. CLEARLY BAD ENGLISH( UNGRAMMATICAL ENGLISH )

STUDENT A: HI! HOW’S IT GOING?1. STUDENT B: MY GRADES IMPROVED LAST QUARTER

2. A: ARE YOUR COURSES VERY TOUGH?3. B: MY COURSES CAN CLASSIFY INTO TWO TYPES

4. SOME COURSES MUST STUDY HARD TO GET A PASSING GRADE.

5. SOME COURSES CAN PASS WITHOUT TRYING.

A: (POINTING TO THE BROKEN WINDOW)6. WHAT WAS HAPPENED HERE?

7. B: THE WINDOW WAS BROKEN BY THE KIDS NEXT DOOR.8. THEY SHOULD HAVE PUNISHED.

9. A: WHAT ABOUT THE MIRROR?10.B: THE MIRROR SHATTERED DURING THE LAST EARTHQUAKE.

11. A: SAY, DO YOU HAVE ANYTHING TO EAT HERE? I’M STARVED!12. B: THIS PIZZA CAN HEAT UP IN THE OVEN QUICKLY. 13. OR TRY THIS ORANGES THEY WERE GROWN BY MY GRANDMOTHER. 14. WHEN THEY ARE RIPE, THEY ARE FALLEN DOWN EVERYWHERE.

15. A: SHE MUST BE SPENT A LOT OF TIME IN THE GARDEN.

-Subject is the receiver of the action yet the verb form remains the same.- Are class of “ change-of-

state intransitive verbs”- Also called unaccusative which denotes lack of volational control.