components of language

phonology

phonology

The aspect of language concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.

phonology

It is the study on how speech sounds are used to convey meanin

phonology

It is the science or study of the sound patterns of human language.

Phonology looks at many different things:

Why do related forms differ?

Phonology finds the systematic ways in which the forms differ and explains them.

Phonology looks at many different things:

What is stored in the mind?

Phonology studies abstract mental entities, such as structures and processes.  This contrasts with phonetics, which deals with the actual production and acoustics of the sounds of language.

Phonology looks at many different things:

What sounds go together?

Looks at what sounds/sound combinations are accepted and why.

Phonology looks at many different things:

How are sounds organized into syllables?

With the use of phonological trees syllables are broken up more easily.  

Phonology looks at many different things:

What are the differences between languages?

For example, different languages can use different phonemes, or different syllable structures (what sounds can go together to make sequences or words) and phonology identifies these differences. 

phonemes

Phonemes are the meaningfully different sound units in a certain language (the smallest units of sound). For example, 'pat' and 'bat' differ in their first phoneme.

segmental phonemes

Segmental phonemes refer to what is said

segmental phonemes

A vowel sound is a speech sound that is produced through an open throat and mouth passage without any hindrance or obstruction.

segmental phonemes

A consonant sound is one that is pronounced with a certain degree of obstruction and restriction at the lips, inside the mouth, and in the throat.

supra-segmental phonemes

Supra-segmental phonemes refers to how you say what you say. It involves phenomena such as intonation, stress, and pitch.

morphology

morphology

morphology

morphology

Morphology is the study of words, their internal structure, and partially their meanings.

morphology

It is interested in how users of a given language understand complex words and invent new lexical items.

It is the smallest unit of linguistic for and meaning.

Two Kinds of Morphemes

FREE MORPHEMES

BOUND MORPHEMES

Two Kinds of Morphemes

FREE MORPHEMEScan occur alone

Two Kinds of Morphemes

FREE MORPHEMES

BOUND MORPHEMES

Two Kinds of Morphemes

BOUND MORPHEMES

must occur with another morpheme

Two Categories of Morphemes

Lexical, Content, or Open-class Morphemes

Functional, Grammatical, or Closed-class Morphemes

Two Categories of Morphemes

Lexical, Content, or Open-class Morphemes

words that have some meaning.

Two Categories of Morphemes

Functional, Grammatical, or Closed-class Morphemes

words such as articles, prepositions, pronouns, and conjunctions.

Stems and Affixes

Stems

Irreducible core of the word, which contains the word’s principal meaning.

Stems and Affixes

Affixes

Prefixes

Inflectional MorphemesVary or “inflect” the

form of words in order to express the grammatical features that a given language chooses.

Derivational MorphemesMake new words rom

old ones.

semanticssemanticssemantics

semanticsIt is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, like words, phrases, signs, and symbols, and what they stand for; their denotation.

conceptual/denotative meaning

It refers to expressions or words associated with or related to (connotation) the basic meaning.

associative/connotative meaning

It refers to those basic, essential components of meaning which are conveyed by the literal use of words.

Syntax is the pattern of words to show the relationship of meaning within.

Syntax the grammar, structure, or order of the elements (sentence pattern) in a language statement.

Sentence Patterns

normal word order

reversed word order