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Language Development & Communication
Basic Components of Language:
1. Phonology –
2. Semantics –
3. Syntax –
4. Pragmatics –
Language Development & Communication
Theories of Language Development
1. Learning Perspective
• Imitation and reinforcement
• Evaluation of perspective
Language Development & Communication
Theories of Language Development
2. Nativist Perspective
• Noam Chomsky
• Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
• Language-Making Capacity (LMC)
Language Development & Communication
Theories of Language Development
Support for Nativist perspective
a. Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas
Language Development & Communication
Theories of Language Development
Support for Nativist perspective
a. Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas
b. Infant phonetic
discrimination
c. Sensitive period
d. Invention of language
Language Development & Communication
Theories of Language Development
Problems with Nativist perspective
a. Plasticity retained
b. Rhesus monkeys can discriminate sounds
much like human infants
c. Do invented languages occur without adult intervention?
d. LAD not very helpful concept
Language Development & Communication
Theories of Language Development
3. Interactionist Perspective
• Biology + Environment
Environmental Support for Language Development
a. Joint activities (zone of proximal development)
Language Development & Communication
Theories of Language Development
3. Interactionist Perspective
• Biology + Environment
Environmental Support for Language Development
a. Joint activities (zone of proximal development)
b. Motherese / Child Directed Speech
c. Expansions/recasts
d. Conversation is critical
Language Development & Communication
SEQUENCE OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Prelinguistic Period (until 10 to 13 mos)
A. Making sounds
1. Cooing
2. Babbling
3. Vocables
SEQUENCE OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Prelinguistic Period (until 10 to 13 mos)
A. Making sounds
B. Learning the rules
1. Taking turns
2. Gestures & non-verbal communication
3. Receptive vs. productive language
SEQUENCE OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Holophrastic Period
(from 10-13 mos to 18-24 mos)
Holophrastic period –
Holophrase –
Naming explosion -
SEQUENCE OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Holophrastic Period
(from 10-13 mos to 18-24 mos)
Referential style –
Expressive style –
Cultural and birth order effects….
SEQUENCE OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Holophrastic Period
(from 10-13 mos to 18-24 mos)
Overextension – use relatively specific words to refer to a broader set of
objects, actions, or events than adults do.
Underextension – use general words to refer to a smaller set of objects,
actions or events than adults do.
SEQUENCE OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Telegraphic Period (from 18-24 mos to about 30 mos)
Early sentences (two words or more) consist solely of content words and omit the less meaningful parts of speech.
For example: More candy
See kitty We go
SEQUENCE OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Universal Milestones in Language Devel.
Milestone Approx. Age
Cooing 2-3 mos.
Babbling 5 mos.
First Words 10-14 mos.
Ten Words 12 mos.
Two-word 21-24 mos. sentence
Two-hundred 24 mos. words
SEQUENCE OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Preschool Period
(from 2 ½ to 5 years)
• Grammatical development
• Overregularization – overgeneralize grammatical rules to irregular cases (see cartoon).
• Semantics
• Pragmatics & Communication Skills
SEQUENCE OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Middle Childhood & Adolescent Period
(6-14 years)
• Use larger words
• Produce longer & more complex sentences
• Think about language and manipulate it in new ways
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
The Importance
of Reading to Children
(Whitehurst et al. 1988)
• Toddlers
• Control group –
•Experimental group –
•After one month, the children in the experimental group had a larger gain in vocabulary
• Replicated in Mexico (Valdez-Menchaca & Whitehurst, 1992)
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
American Sign Language
Sign constructed from a limited set of gestural components (same way that the spoken word is constructed from a finite number of distinctive sounds or phonemes).
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
American Sign Language
Sign constructed from a limited set of gestural components (same way that the spoken word is constructed from a finite number of distinctive sounds or phonemes).
Components of ASL:
1. Position of hands
2. Configuration of hands/fingers
3. Motions of hands/fingers
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
American Sign Language
Deaf children acquire ASL much like hearing children acquire their oral language.
1. Babbling –
2. Holophrastic phrases (action words, naming objects, modifiers).
3. Telegraphic statements
4. Same stages
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
American Sign Language
Deaf children acquire ASL much like hearing children acquire their oral language.
When deaf children are raised with deaf parents:
Babbling – 7-11 mos.
Pointing – 8-9 mos.
Word/Sign – 12 mos.
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Bilingualism
Two Critical Issues:
1. Expose to both? Best way to do this?
2. What is the best way to acquire a second language for school?
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Bilingualism
Exposing child to two languages at the
same time:
• Slower at first, catch up
• Don’t mix up
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Bilingualism
Bilingual Education:
• What’s most effective when child does not speak language of school?
• Not Immersion
• Not ESL Programs
• Some basic instruction in native language in first year or two
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Bilingualism
Advantages:
• Increased language proficiency
• Increased concept formation
• Increased nonverbal intelligence
• Increased metalinguistic awareness
Note: These positive effects result from bilingual immersion and also foster an appreciation for diversity!
Two-way bilingual education?
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Critical Period for Language Acquisition?
Critical Period Hypothesis: Notion that human beings are most proficient at learning language before puberty.
• Prepubescent children
• Brain damage
Summary