Community in Economic Development - Brent D. Hales

Pathways to Successful and Pathways to Successful and Sustainable Economic Sustainable Economic

DevelopmentDevelopment

The Role of Community in The Role of Community in Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development

Taking the JourneyTaking the Journey Going to Zoobieland Going to Zoobieland

AKA Brigham Young UniversityAKA Brigham Young University


AKA Brigham Young UniversityAKA Brigham Young University Driving across America to embark on Driving across America to embark on

an adventure called graduate school an adventure called graduate school at Middle Tennessee State at Middle Tennessee State University.University. Making of a professional sociological Making of a professional sociological

colleaguecolleague


AKA Brigham Young UniversityAKA Brigham Young University Driving across America to embark on Driving across America to embark on

an adventure called graduate school at an adventure called graduate school at Middle Tennessee State University.Middle Tennessee State University. Making of a professional sociological Making of a professional sociological

colleaguecolleague Iowa State UniversityIowa State University

Making of a practitionerMaking of a practitioner


AKA Brigham Young UniversityAKA Brigham Young University Driving across America to embark on an Driving across America to embark on an

adventure called graduate school at adventure called graduate school at Middle Tennessee State University.Middle Tennessee State University. Making of a professional sociological colleagueMaking of a professional sociological colleague

Iowa State UniversityIowa State University Making of a practitionerMaking of a practitioner

Delta State UniversityDelta State University

Teaching Community and Teaching Community and Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development

Challenge of making the reality of Challenge of making the reality of doing development match the doing development match the theory.theory.



Impact of academic research and the Impact of academic research and the past journeys of academicians and past journeys of academicians and practitioners are critical.practitioners are critical.



Impact of academic research and the Impact of academic research and the past journeys of academicians and past journeys of academicians and practitioners are critical.practitioners are critical.

Learning by doing.Learning by doing.

PurposePurpose

Examine the impact of community in Examine the impact of community in economic development through the economic development through the eyes of the two journals, eyes of the two journals, Rural Rural Sociology Sociology and and Journal of the Journal of the Community Development SocietyCommunity Development Society. .

PurposePurpose

Examine the impact of community in Examine the impact of community in economic development through the economic development through the eyes of the two journals, eyes of the two journals, Rural Rural Sociology Sociology and and Journal of the Journal of the Community Development SocietyCommunity Development Society. .

Largely taken from the journals from Largely taken from the journals from 2000-2011.2000-2011.

Doing DevelopmentDoing Development

Taking a community from point A to Taking a community from point A to point B. point B.



Working to assist them in Working to assist them in accomplishing their vision.accomplishing their vision.



Working to assist them in Working to assist them in accomplishing their vision.accomplishing their vision.

““Some of what I do every day is to Some of what I do every day is to keep an eye on the road from a 30,000 keep an eye on the road from a 30,000 perspective while simultaneously perspective while simultaneously trying to fix the engine in the car.”trying to fix the engine in the car.”


Community Economic Development Community Economic Development PlanPlan


Community Economic Development Community Economic Development PlanPlan Creating a map for successCreating a map for success


Community Economic Development Community Economic Development PlanPlan Creating a map for successCreating a map for success Preparation for the journeyPreparation for the journey


Community Economic Development Community Economic Development PlanPlan Creating a map for successCreating a map for success Preparation for the journeyPreparation for the journey Tells us if we are on courseTells us if we are on course


Community Economic Development Community Economic Development PlanPlan Creating a map for successCreating a map for success Preparation for the journeyPreparation for the journey Tells us if we are on courseTells us if we are on course Provides a vision of where we are going Provides a vision of where we are going

to be and whento be and when

Community InputCommunity Input Numerous studies have demonstrated Numerous studies have demonstrated

the need for community involvement the need for community involvement for economic development to be both for economic development to be both effective and sustainable.effective and sustainable. Pittman, et al., 2009Pittman, et al., 2009 Green, et al., 2005Green, et al., 2005 Richards & Brod, 2004Richards & Brod, 2004 Sullivan, 2004Sullivan, 2004 Korsching and Allen, 2004Korsching and Allen, 2004

Pathways to Community Pathways to Community InvolvementInvolvement

Community-based research to Community-based research to determine the most effective meansdetermine the most effective means Focus groups (Flora, 1998; Pavey, et al., Focus groups (Flora, 1998; Pavey, et al.,

2007)2007)



2007)2007) Secondary data analysis (Parisi, et al., Secondary data analysis (Parisi, et al.,

2002)2002)




2002)2002) Key informant surveys (Flora, 1998; Key informant surveys (Flora, 1998;

Chazdon & Lott, 2010)Chazdon & Lott, 2010)




2002)2002) Key informant surveys (Flora, 1998; Key informant surveys (Flora, 1998;

Chazdon & Lott, 2010)Chazdon & Lott, 2010) Understanding the community network Understanding the community network

(Sharp, 2001)(Sharp, 2001)


Community-based research to determine Community-based research to determine the most effective meansthe most effective means Focus groups (Flora, 1998; Pavey, et al., Focus groups (Flora, 1998; Pavey, et al.,

2007)2007) Secondary data analysis (Parisi, et al., 2002)Secondary data analysis (Parisi, et al., 2002) Key informant surveys (Flora, 1998; Chazdon Key informant surveys (Flora, 1998; Chazdon

& Lott, 2010)& Lott, 2010) Understanding the community network Understanding the community network

(Sharp, 2001)(Sharp, 2001) Case studies (Zeuli, et al., 2004)Case studies (Zeuli, et al., 2004)


Coordination with other organizationsCoordination with other organizations Community visioning (Moss & Community visioning (Moss &

Grunkemeyer, 2010; Lachapelle, et al., Grunkemeyer, 2010; Lachapelle, et al., 2010)2010)




Community narratives (Steffensmeier, Community narratives (Steffensmeier, 2010)2010)





Large group interventions (Hammer, Large group interventions (Hammer, 2010)2010)





Large group interventions (Hammer, 2010)Large group interventions (Hammer, 2010) Creation of representative community Creation of representative community

boards (Robinson and Hales, 2007) boards (Robinson and Hales, 2007)

Creating a Plan for SuccessCreating a Plan for Success

Community Economic Development PlanCommunity Economic Development Plan Holistic – PRAISEworthyHolistic – PRAISEworthy

Proactive (Blakely and Leigh, 2012) – Proactive (Blakely and Leigh, 2012) – Focuses on planning for rather than reacting to events Focuses on planning for rather than reacting to events

that occur in a community region. that occur in a community region. Establishes a forward thinking model.Establishes a forward thinking model. Builds a local economy on the basis of local needs.Builds a local economy on the basis of local needs. Helps communities adopt a long-range view of Helps communities adopt a long-range view of

development.development. Simple fact that most developers last 3-4 years in a Simple fact that most developers last 3-4 years in a

position.position.


Community Economic Development Community Economic Development PlanPlan Holistic – PRAISEworthyHolistic – PRAISEworthy

Representative – Representative – Encourages collaboration with Encourages collaboration with

community/regional entities (Aigner, et al. 2002)community/regional entities (Aigner, et al. 2002) GovernmentGovernment BusinessBusiness Civil societyCivil society



Representative – Representative – Utilizes diverse approaches (Robinson & Green, Utilizes diverse approaches (Robinson & Green,

2011)2011) Technical assistance approachTechnical assistance approach Self-help approachSelf-help approach Interactional approachInteractional approach



Asset-based (Kretzmann & McKnight, 2003) – Asset-based (Kretzmann & McKnight, 2003) – Focuses on asset verses deficit model of developmentFocuses on asset verses deficit model of development Focuses on promoting development using existing assets as Focuses on promoting development using existing assets as

the base for development efforts (Crowe, 2006)the base for development efforts (Crowe, 2006) Treats external assets as ancillary assets that assist in the Treats external assets as ancillary assets that assist in the

development process rather than drive it (Albrecht, 2004)development process rather than drive it (Albrecht, 2004) Works to build the collective and individual assets in a Works to build the collective and individual assets in a

community (Grinstein-Weiss, et al., 2007)community (Grinstein-Weiss, et al., 2007)



Asset-based (Green & Haines, 2012)Asset-based (Green & Haines, 2012) Based on the notion of nested development where Based on the notion of nested development where

each development effort builds on the efforts and each development effort builds on the efforts and outcomes of the past. outcomes of the past.

Assessment based on a nested logic model (Robinson Assessment based on a nested logic model (Robinson & Hales, 2007).& Hales, 2007).

Immediate outputsImmediate outputs Intermediate outcomesIntermediate outcomes End outcomesEnd outcomes

Identification of Existing Identification of Existing Community ResourcesCommunity Resources


Forms of Resources/Capital (Flora and Flora, Forms of Resources/Capital (Flora and Flora, 2008)2008)

Natural capitalNatural capital Cultural capitalCultural capital Human capitalHuman capital Social capitalSocial capital Political capitalPolitical capital Financial capitalFinancial capital Built capitalBuilt capital



Inclusive (Beer, 2009)Inclusive (Beer, 2009) IndustryIndustry RetailRetail EntrepreneursEntrepreneurs All sectors of the communityAll sectors of the community

Diverse voices - Age, sex, race/ethnicity, Diverse voices - Age, sex, race/ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, etc.religion, sexual orientation, etc.



Sustainable (Anglin, 2011; Hembd & Silberstein, Sustainable (Anglin, 2011; Hembd & Silberstein, 2011)2011)

““Development that meets the needs of the present Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (The World Commission on to meet their own needs” (The World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, p. 43.)Environment and Development, 1987, p. 43.)

Focuses on development that emerges from or with the Focuses on development that emerges from or with the community rather than to or for the community.community rather than to or for the community.



Equitable (Richardson and London, 2007)Equitable (Richardson and London, 2007) The U.S. has a history of promoting uneven The U.S. has a history of promoting uneven

development in both policy and practice.development in both policy and practice. Equitable development engages efforts to address Equitable development engages efforts to address

social justice (Salkin and Lavine, 2008).social justice (Salkin and Lavine, 2008). Works to insure that the costs and benefits of Works to insure that the costs and benefits of

development efforts are spread across the development efforts are spread across the community/region (Blakely and Leigh, 2010).community/region (Blakely and Leigh, 2010).


Community Economic Development Community Economic Development PlanPlan FIVE “tions”FIVE “tions”

PromotionPromotion Community buzzCommunity buzz Community buy-inCommunity buy-in



ImplementationImplementation The best laid plans….The best laid plans…. Starting with a bangStarting with a bang Following throughFollowing through Changing on the flyChanging on the fly



DocumentationDocumentation Gas stations, restaurants, and restroomsGas stations, restaurants, and restrooms Potholes and pitfallsPotholes and pitfalls Orange barrels and hard hatsOrange barrels and hard hats



EvaluationEvaluation Checking the oilsChecking the oils Kicking the tiresKicking the tires RefuelingRefueling Checking the mapChecking the map


Community Economic Development Community Economic Development PlanPlan Five “tions”Five “tions”

CelebrationCelebration Looking at slide showsLooking at slide shows Sharing with friendsSharing with friends Planning the next tripPlanning the next trip

Six Development QuestionsSix Development Questions

What?What? When?When? Where?Where? Who?Who? How?How? WHY?????WHY?????


What? (The principle of low hanging What? (The principle of low hanging fruit)fruit) What is it you are proposing to do?What is it you are proposing to do? What will the project do to promote What will the project do to promote

where you want to go?where you want to go? What needs to happen to be successful What needs to happen to be successful

at this project?at this project?


WhenWhen When will the project take place?When will the project take place? When must critical decisions be made When must critical decisions be made

regarding specifics of the plan?regarding specifics of the plan? DeadlinesDeadlines FundingFunding

When will you know if you have arrived?When will you know if you have arrived?


WhereWhere Where will the project take place?Where will the project take place?


Who?Who? Who needs to be involved in the project Who needs to be involved in the project

for it to succeed?for it to succeed? Who are the starters?Who are the starters? Who are the stoppers?Who are the stoppers? Who will take the lead?Who will take the lead?


How?How? How will the event come together?How will the event come together? How will the project affect the residents? How will the project affect the residents?

Will the effects be equitable?Will the effects be equitable?


Why?Why? Why do this project over another Why do this project over another

project?project? Is there another project that may be Is there another project that may be

more effective to take on first?more effective to take on first? Will this project increase our community Will this project increase our community

and economic viability?and economic viability?

Case Study #1Case Study #1 Historic Downtown Hattiesburg, MSHistoric Downtown Hattiesburg, MS


Largely abandoned downtownLargely abandoned downtown


Largely abandoned downtownLargely abandoned downtown University located a business incubatorUniversity located a business incubator


Largely abandoned downtownLargely abandoned downtown University located a business incubatorUniversity located a business incubator Established a Historic Downtown District Established a Historic Downtown District

with accompanying board and directorwith accompanying board and director


Largely abandoned downtownLargely abandoned downtown University located a business incubatorUniversity located a business incubator Established a Historic Downtown District Established a Historic Downtown District

with accompanying board and directorwith accompanying board and director Focused on promoting downtown Focused on promoting downtown

redevelopmentredevelopment



Conducted preliminary secondary data Conducted preliminary secondary data analysis, focus groups, key informant analysis, focus groups, key informant surveys, and later community meetingssurveys, and later community meetings



Conducted resource analysesConducted resource analyses



Conducted resource analysesConducted resource analyses Developed an asset-based nested 7-year Developed an asset-based nested 7-year

strategic planstrategic plan




strategic planstrategic plan Currently ahead of schedule in Currently ahead of schedule in

development initiativesdevelopment initiatives

Downtown BeforeDowntown Before

Downtown AfterDowntown After


Case Study #2Case Study #2 Southern CountySouthern County


Historically impoverished, rural, lumber Historically impoverished, rural, lumber dominated countydominated county



Dramatically affected by Hurricane Dramatically affected by Hurricane KatrinaKatrina




Significant grant monies identified Significant grant monies identified




Significant grant monies identified Significant grant monies identified University asked to assist in strategic University asked to assist in strategic

planning processplanning process




Significant grant monies identified Significant grant monies identified University asked to assist in strategic University asked to assist in strategic

planning processplanning process Determined that there were already 15 Determined that there were already 15

existing strategic plansexisting strategic plans



Rather than do yet another strategic Rather than do yet another strategic plan, examined existing plansplan, examined existing plans



Neither PRAISEworthy nor focused on Neither PRAISEworthy nor focused on specific outcomesspecific outcomes











Created a 5-year action plan to Created a 5-year action plan to capitalize on the existing strategic plans capitalize on the existing strategic plans and focus on the 5 “tions”and focus on the 5 “tions”



Lacked community buy-in/ownershipLacked community buy-in/ownership



Lacked community buy-in/ownershipLacked community buy-in/ownership Few measureable outcomes resulted in Few measureable outcomes resulted in

part due to the foundational issues of part due to the foundational issues of the county and the lack of ownership in the county and the lack of ownership in the development processthe development process

Case Study #3Case Study #3 Drew, MSDrew, MS


Historically impoverished, Historically impoverished, undereducated, racially segregatedundereducated, racially segregated



Few perceived resources or alternativesFew perceived resources or alternatives



Few perceived resources or alternativesFew perceived resources or alternatives Grant funding identifiedGrant funding identified



Few perceived resources or alternativesFew perceived resources or alternatives Grant funding identifiedGrant funding identified Funding used to conduct strategic Funding used to conduct strategic

planning session and establish bi-planning session and establish bi-community boardcommunity board









strategic planstrategic plan




strategic planstrategic plan Results on-going 7 years laterResults on-going 7 years later

Downtown BeforeDowntown Before

DowntownDowntown


Analysis of Case StudiesAnalysis of Case Studies When conducted effectively, When conducted effectively,

strategic planning can have strategic planning can have meaningful, long-lasting resultsmeaningful, long-lasting results

Analysis of Case StudiesAnalysis of Case Studies When conducted effectively, When conducted effectively,

strategic planning can have strategic planning can have meaningful, long-lasting resultsmeaningful, long-lasting results

Community buy-in is critical in the Community buy-in is critical in the processprocess

Analysis of Case StudiesAnalysis of Case Studies When conducted effectively, strategic When conducted effectively, strategic

planning can have meaningful, long-planning can have meaningful, long-lasting resultslasting results

Community buy-in is critical in the Community buy-in is critical in the processprocess

When based on existing assets, much When based on existing assets, much more sustainablemore sustainable

Analysis of Case StudiesAnalysis of Case Studies When conducted effectively, strategic When conducted effectively, strategic

planning can have meaningful, long-planning can have meaningful, long-lasting resultslasting results

Community buy-in is critical in the processCommunity buy-in is critical in the process When based on existing assets, much When based on existing assets, much

more sustainablemore sustainable Synergistic natureSynergistic nature

Implications for ResearchImplications for Research

Community-based research in Community-based research in economic development remains a economic development remains a viable body of research.viable body of research.

Implications for ResearchImplications for Research

Community-based research in Community-based research in economic development remains a economic development remains a viable body of research.viable body of research.

Must examine the impact of Must examine the impact of community in economic development community in economic development with measureable outcome variables.with measureable outcome variables.

Implications for PracticeImplications for Practice Utilization of community groups in Utilization of community groups in

economic development will increase economic development will increase


economic development will increase economic development will increase Proactive stance to doing development Proactive stance to doing development

workwork



workwork Representative body and tacticsRepresentative body and tactics



workwork Representative body and tacticsRepresentative body and tactics Asset-based developmentAsset-based development



workwork Representative body and tacticsRepresentative body and tactics Asset-based developmentAsset-based development Inclusivity of ideas and groupsInclusivity of ideas and groups



workwork Representative body and tacticsRepresentative body and tactics Asset-based developmentAsset-based development Inclusivity of ideas and groupsInclusivity of ideas and groups Sustainability of the initiativesSustainability of the initiatives



workwork Representative body and tacticsRepresentative body and tactics Asset-based developmentAsset-based development Inclusivity of ideas and groupsInclusivity of ideas and groups Sustainability of the initiativesSustainability of the initiatives Equitable distribution of costs and benefitsEquitable distribution of costs and benefits

ReferencesReferences Aigner, S. M., V. J. Raymond, and L. J. Smidt. 2002. “Whole community organizing Aigner, S. M., V. J. Raymond, and L. J. Smidt. 2002. “Whole community organizing

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Richardson, J. A., Jr. and J. K. London. 2007. “Strategies and lessons for reducing Richardson, J. A., Jr. and J. K. London. 2007. “Strategies and lessons for reducing persistent poverty: A social justice approach to funding rural community persistent poverty: A social justice approach to funding rural community transformation.” transformation.” Journal of the Community Development SocietyJournal of the Community Development Society, 38(1), 92-107., 38(1), 92-107.

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Robinson, J. W., Jr. and G. P. Green. 2011. Robinson, J. W., Jr. and G. P. Green. 2011. Introduction to Community Introduction to Community Development: Theory, Practice, and Service Learning.Development: Theory, Practice, and Service Learning. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publishers.Publishers.

Salkin, P. and A. Lavine. 2008. “Understanding community benefits agreements: Salkin, P. and A. Lavine. 2008. “Understanding community benefits agreements: Equitable development, social justice and other considerations for developers, Equitable development, social justice and other considerations for developers, municipalities and community organizations.” municipalities and community organizations.” UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & Policy, 26..

Sharp, J. 2001. “Locating the community field: A study of interorganizational Sharp, J. 2001. “Locating the community field: A study of interorganizational network structure and capacity for community action.” network structure and capacity for community action.” Rural Sociology, Rural Sociology, 66(3), 403-66(3), 403-424.424.

Steffensmeier, T. 2010. “Building a public square: An analysis of community Steffensmeier, T. 2010. “Building a public square: An analysis of community narratives.” narratives.” Journal of the Community Development SocietyJournal of the Community Development Society, 41(2), 255-268., 41(2), 255-268.

Sullivan, D. M. 2004. “Citizen participation in nonprofit economic development Sullivan, D. M. 2004. “Citizen participation in nonprofit economic development organizations.” organizations.” Journal of the Community Development SocietyJournal of the Community Development Society, 34(2), 58-72. , 34(2), 58-72.

World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. From One Earth to From One Earth to One World: An OverviewOne World: An Overview. Oxford: Oxford University Press,. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 43.43.

Zeuli, K., D. Freshwater, D. Markley, and D. Barkley. 2004. “Cooperatives in rural Zeuli, K., D. Freshwater, D. Markley, and D. Barkley. 2004. “Cooperatives in rural community development: A new framework for analysis.” community development: A new framework for analysis.” Journal of the Community Journal of the Community Development SocietyDevelopment Society, 35(2)., 35(2).

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1272795#%23

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1272795#%23

Thank YouThank You

Brent D. Hales, Ph.D.Brent D. Hales, Ph.D.

Department of Economic and Workforce Department of Economic and Workforce DevelopmentDevelopment

University of Southern Mississippi University of Southern Mississippi

118 College Drive, #5022118 College Drive, #5022

Hattiesburg, MS 39406Hattiesburg, MS 39406

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Education

Community in Economic Development - Brent D. Hales