Civil Engineering : Transportation engineering & surveying, THE GATE ACADEMY

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

&

SURVEYING

for

Civil Engineering

By

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Syllabus Transportation Engineering

Syllabus for Transportation Engineering

Highway Planning: Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, design of flexible and rigid pavements. Traffic Engineering: Traffic characteristics, theory of traffic flow, intersection design, traffic signs and signal design, highway capacity.

Analysis of GATE Papers (Transportation Engineering)

Year Percentage of marks Overall Percentage

2013 14.00

13.78%

2012 12.00

2011 12.00

2010 11.00

2009 15.00

2008 18.00

2007 16.63

2006 16.63

2005 9.00

2004 8.67

2003 8.00

2002 17.00

2001 17.00

2000 18.00

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Syllabus Surveying

1Syllabus for Surveying

Importance of surveying, principles and classifications, Mapping concepts, coordinate system, map projections, Measurements of distance and directions, leveling, Theodolite traversing, plane table surveying, errors and adjustments, curves.

Analysis of GATE Papers

(Surveying)

Year Percentage of marks Overall Percentage

2013 14.00

2.78%

2012 12.00

2011 4

2010 -

2009 -

2008 3

2007 3

2006 3

2005 -

2004 -

2003 -

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Contents Transportation & Surveying

C O N T E N T S

Chapter Page No. Transportation Engineering

#1. Theory of Traffic Flow and Highway Capacity 1–13

• Order of Road Development 1 • Modern Road Development in India 2–3 • Classification of Roads 3–5 • Engineering Survey for Highway Location 6–8 • Drawing and Report 8 • Highway Capacity 9 • Assignment 10-11 • Answer Keys 12 • Explanations 12 – 13

#2. Geometric Design Of Highway 14 – 41

• Introduction 14 • Highway Cross Section Elements 14 – 16 • Sight Distance 16 – 18 • Design of Horizontal Allignment 18 – 21 • Vertical Alignment 22 – 24 • Solved Examples 25 – 29 • Assignment 30 – 35 • Answer Keys 36 • Explanations 36 – 41

#3. Traffic Characteristics 42 – 64

• Road User Characteristics 42 • Vehicular Characteristics 42 – 43 • Traffic Studies 43 – 52 • Solved Examples 53 – 60 • Assignment 61 – 62 • Answer Keys 63 • Explanations 63 – 64

#4. Traffic Signs And Signals Design 65 – 78

• Traffic Signs 65 – 67 • Traffic Signals 67 – 69 • Various Methods for Finding out the Cycle 69 – 70 • Solved Examples 71 – 75 • Assignment 76 – 77 • Answer Keys 78 • Explanations 78

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Contents Transportation & Surveying #5. Intersection Design 79 – 91

• Introduction 79 • Classification of Intersection 79 – 86 • Assignment 87 – 90 • Answer Keys 91 • Explanations 91

#6. Testing And Specification of Paving Materials 92 – 117

• Subgrade Soil 92 – 98 • Stone Aggregates 98 – 100 • Bituminous Material 100 – 107 • Solved Examples 108 – 112 • Assignment 113 – 115 • Answer Keys 116 • Explanations 116 – 117

#7. Design Of Rigid Flexible Pavements 118 - 148

• Desgin of Rigid Flexible Pavement 118 • CBR Method 118 – 122 • Design of Rigid Pavements 123 – 132 • Solved Examples 133 – 144 • Assignment 145 – 146 • Answer Keys 147 • Explanations

147 – 148

Surveying

#8. Introduction 149 - 156 • Glossary 149 – 150 • Classification Based on Nature of Survey 150 – 151 • Choice of Scale of Map 151 – 152 • Assignment 153 – 154 • Answer Keys 155 • Explanations 155 - 156

#9. Measurement of Distance & Direction 157 - 175 • Instruments for Chaining 157 – 162 • Measurements of Direction Compass Surveying 162 – 166 • Variations in Declination 167 • Solved Examples 168 - 171 • Assignment 172 - 173 • Answer Keys 174 • Explanations 174 - 175


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Contents Transportation & Surveying #10. Theodolite & Traversing 176 - 189

• Theodolite 176 • Essentials of Transit Theodolite 176 - 177 • Glossary Associated with Theodolite 177 • Measurement of Horizontal Angles 178 • Travese Computation 178 – 182 • Solved Examples 183 - 185 • Assignment 186 - 187 • Answer Keys 188 • Explanations 188 – 189

#11. Leveling 190 – 204

• Glossary 190 – 191 • Method of Leveling 191 – 192 • Leveling Instruments 192 • Special Methods of Sprit Leveling 192 – 194 • Recording & Reduction of Levels 194 – 197 • Characteristics of Contours 197 – 198 • Solved Examples 199 - 202 • Assignment 203 • Answer Keys 204 • Explanations 204

#12. Plane Table Surveying & Tacheometric Corrections 205 - 213

• Plane Table 205 • Instruments for Plane table Surveying 205 – 207 • Tacheometric Surveying 207 - 208 • Distance and Elevation Formula for Horizontal Sights 208 – 211 • Assignment 212 • Answer keys 213 • Explanations 213

Module Test 1 - Transportation Engineering. 214 – 226

• Test Questions 214 – 220 • Answer Keys 221 • Explanations 221 - 226

Module Test 2 – Surveying 227 - 235

• Test Questions 227 – 232 • Answer Keys 233 • Explanations 233 - 235

Reference Books 236


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Chapter 1 Transportation Engineering

CHAPTER 1

Theory of traffic Flow & Highway Capacity Order of Road Development

1. ROMAN ROADS Roman started 1st time construction of roads in large scale In 312 BC they constructed “Appian Way” length over 580 km. Main Features of Roman roads are: (i) They are straight regardless of gradients. (ii) Total thickness was as high as 0.75 to 1.2 meters. (iii) The wearing course consists dressed large stone – blocks set in lime mortar.

2. Tresaguet Construction

“Pierre tresaguet” development roads in France during 1764 A.D. Main Features are: (i) Thickness was of the order of 30cm (ii) Consideration was given to subgrade moisture and drainage of surface water. (iii) The top wearing surface was made up of smaller slope having a cross slope of 1 in

45 to the surface to provide surface drainage.

3. Metcalf Construction (1717 – 1810) John Metcalfe was working in England and he followed the instruction of Robert Phillip.

4. Telford Construction:

His work started in early 19th century. Main features are: (i) He provided level subgrade of width 9 meters. (ii) A binding layer of wearing course 4 cm thick was provided with cross slope of 1 in

45. (iii) Thickness of foundation stone varied from 17cm at edge to 22cm at the centre.

5. Macadam Construction:

1815 onward he started in England but his new concept came in 1827. This was the 1st method based on scientific thinking. Main features are: (i) Macadam was first person who suggested that heavy foundation stones are not at all

required to be placed at the bottom layer. He provided stones of size less than 5mm to a uniform thickness of 10cm.

(ii) The importance to subgrade drainage and compaction was given so the subgrade drainage and compaction was given so the subgrade was compacted and prepared and prepared with cross slope of 1 in 36.

(iii) The pavement surface was also given the cross slope in 1 in 36. (iv) Total thickness was kept uniform from edge to centre to a minimum value of 25 cm.

6. Water bound Macadam (W.B.M)

In this method the broken stones of the base course and surface course are bound by the stone dust in the presence of moisture.

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Modern Road Development In India British government passed a resolution in 1927 in response to which jaykar committee was constituted in 1927 Jay kar committee proposed that an extra tax should be levied on petrol

Recommendation made by Jayakar Committee 1. The road development in the country should be considered as a national interest as this

has become beyond the capacity of provincial governments and local bodies. 2. An extra tax should be levied on petrol from the road users to develop a road

development fund called central Road fund. 3. A semi-official technical body should be formed to pool technical knowhow from various

parts of the country and to act as an advisory body on various aspects of the roads. 4. A research organization should be instituted to carry out research and development

work. Most of the recommendation made by jaykar committee was accepted and following steps were taken.

1. The central Road fund was formed in 1929 2. A semi – official technical body known as Indian road congress (IRC) was formed. 3. In 1939 Motor vehicle Act was started 2 in 1950 CRRI (Central Road Research Institute)

was started. Other Measures Taken Are 4. National Highway Act was brought in 1956. 5. Highway Research Board was setup in 1973. 6. National Transport policy committee in 1978. 7. IRC has played important role in the formulation of the last three 20years road

development plane in India.

1. First 20 years Road Plan (Nagpur Road Plan) [1943-63] Features (i) The Nagpur road formula were prepared on basics of “Star and grid” Pattern (ii) The total road length of 5,32,700 Km with a density of 16 Km of road length per 100-

Km2 area would be available by 1963. (iii) All the roads were classified into 5 categories

a) NH b) SH c) MPR d) ODR e) VR

(iv) The length of the railway tracks in the area was considered with the road length. Hence net road length is called by subtracting length of railway tracks from the length of metaled road. Result: Through the total achievement was higher than the targeted value, but the lengths of NH and SH achieved were lesser than the plan targets.

2. Second 20 years road plan (Bombay Road Plan) [1961-1981]

(i) At the end of plan, the target road length aimed was 32Km per square Km area. (ii) Maximum distance of any place in a developed or agricultural area would be 6.4Km

from a metalled road and 2.4 km from any category of moads. (iii) Every town with a population above 2000 in plains and above 1000 in semi-hill

areas should be connected by metalled road. (iv) 1600 Km Express ways have been considered in this plan within proposed target of

NH.




(v) Length of railway track is considered independent of the road system and hence it is not subtracted to get the road length.

(vi) A development factor of 5% is provided for future development. Result The total achievement was higher that targeted but NH and SH were constructed lesser than targeted. It should be noted than allowance for development of agriculture and industry during the next 20 years was made in Nagpur.

3. Third 20 years Road Plan (Lucknow Road Plan) [1981-2001]

(i) Roads are classified in to primary, secondary and territory road systems. (ii) All villages with over 500 populations should be connected by all-weather roads. (iii) The overall road density was targeted as 82 Km per 100 square Km area. (iv) The NH network should be expanded to form square grids of 100 Km sides. (v) Express way should be constructed along major traffic corridors to provide fast

travels. (vi) There should be improvement in environment quality and road safety.

A. Primary Road System (According to Third Plan)

(a) Express way of total length 2000 Km. (b) NH based on the concept of 100 Km square grids 100+200=300Km of NH length are

provided per 100 x 100 = 10000 square Km area.

B. Secondary Road System This includes 1. SH (State highways) 2. MDR(Major district roads) 3. (a) Length of SH in Km = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒

25 𝐾𝑚2

Or (b) Length of SH in Km = 625 x no. of towns in state – length of NH

4. (a) Length of MDR in Km = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝐾𝑚2)

12.5 𝑜𝑟

(b) Length of MDR in Km = 90 x no. of towns in state.

C. Territory Road system This includes

(i) ODR (Other District Road) (ii) VR (Village Roads)

Classification of Roads a. Classification of rural Roads The Roads are classified on the following basis (a) Traffic volume – Heavy, medium or light (b) Load transport- Class A , Class B (c) Location and junction. Nagpur Road plan classified roads on following 5 categories based on location and junction. 1. NH 2. S.H 3. MDR




4. VR Modified classification is proposed by third plan as discussed b. Classification Urban roads The Length of the Urban roads are not included in the target of third twenty year plan (1901-2001) The urban roads are classified as – 1. Arterial roads 2. Sub-arterial roads 3. Collectors streets 4. Local streets Road Patterns a. Rectangular or block pattern b. Radial or star and block pattern c. Radial or star and circular pattern d. Radial or star and guide e. Heragonal pattern f. Minimum travel pattern.



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Civil Engineering : Transportation engineering & surveying, THE GATE ACADEMY