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CHINA

PRESENTED BY

SABIHA ARSHAD MUGHAL

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INTRODUCTION OF CHINA• Full Name: People’s Republic of China

• Independence: 1st October 1949• Government: Communist state• Population: 1,33,97,24,852• Capital: Beijing• Largest City: Shanghai• Area: 37, 04,427 sq• Major Language: Chinese• Currency: Renminbi (yuan) (¥) • Life Expectancy: 74.8 years • GDP per capita: $ 8,382

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FLAG’S DESCRIPTION

• The red color represents the communist revolution, and it's also the traditional color of the people. The largest star is said to be a representation of Communist Party of China. The ethnic groups of China are represented by the four smaller stars.

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RELIGIONS

RELIGIONS IN CHINA

NO RELIGION 59%TAOISM & CONFUCIAN-ISM 20%ATHEISTS 12%BUDDHIST 6%MUSLIMS 2%CHRISTIAN 1%

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ETHNIC GROUPS

ETHNIC GROUPS

HAN CHINESE 91.9%

ZHUANG, UYGUR, TIBETAN, MONGOL, KOREAN & OTHER NATIONALITIES 8.1%

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PERIOD OF CHINESE HISTORY

PERIOD DATE

XIA DYNASTY 2205 – 1806 B.C

SHANG DYNASTY 1650 – 1027 B.C

ZHOU DYNASTY 1027 – 256 B.C

QIN DYNASTY 221 – 206 B.C

HAN DYNASTY 207 B.C - 220 A.D

PERIOD OF DISUNION 220 – 589 A.D

SUI DYNASTY 589 – 618 A.D

TANG DYNASTY 618 – 907 A.D

SUNG DYNASTY 969 A.D – 1279

YUAN DYNASTY 1279 – 1368

QING DYNASTY 1644 – 1911

REPUBLIC OF CHINA 1912 - 1949

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 1949 - PRESENT

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PRE- HISTORY

• Archaeological evidence suggests that early hominids inhabited China between 250,000 and 2.24 million years ago.

• A cave in Zhoukoudian (near present-day Beijing) exhibits fossils dated at between 300,000 and 780,000 BC.

• The fossils are of Peking Man, an example of Homo erectus who used fire. There are also remains of Homo sapiens dating back to 18,000–11,000 BC found at the Peking Man site.

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SHANG DYNASTY (1650 B.C.–1027 B.C)• The Shang Dynasty ruled China for 400 years. It was the

time of inventions that started transitional process to their civilization.

• One of the most important contributions made during the period that was the invention of writing.

• A class system and division of labor developed during this dynasty: nobles, artisans, peasant farmers and slaves.

• Discovery of tin, copper, Bronze and made weapons by these metals.

• Cowrie’s shells (snails which inhabit the Pacific and Indian Ocean) served as money before bronze coins were produced.

• Silk thread is made from the “cocoons of silk worms that became China’s most valuable export.

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ZHOU DYNASTY (1027 B.C.–256 B.C)

• The Zhou set up a new economy, rearranging the affairs of the kingdom. They controlled over the people.

• Zhou kings assigned nobleman, who were usually members of the royal family. These noblemen owned the land and peasants could not own land.

• They achieved great advances in their economy and commerce.

• Developed trade routes.• First official coins in China.• Made first book in the world from wood or bamboo.• Advancement in technology as; the crossbow, the cavalry,

iron plows, and irrigation and flood systems.• Established a feudal state.

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HAN DYNASTY (207 B.C – 220 A.D)

• It considered China’s golden age and it was the turning point to development. The Han emperors established a strong central government that was designed to help the people, and protect them.

• This dynasty was led by a peasant whose name was Liu Bang.

• A Han emperor by the name of Wudi sent out one of his generals, Zhang Qian, to explore other nations. This general and his army marched throughout distant regions visiting other civilizations and nomadic tribes.

• It brought change in civilization through nomadic tribes.

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Cont…

• Achievements:• Silk Road: The Silk Road consisted of trails, roads, bridges,

and pathways that stretched across nearly 5000 miles of land and water. The Silk Road would become instrumental in the development and expansion of trade, and the accumulation of wealth in both China.

• Food Reserves: Han emperors would have great amounts of food put up into storage and sold these food items and helping to stabilize food prices.

• Merit- Based Appointments: Emperor started the series of written exams. Anyone could take the tests. Those who received the highest scores were given posts in the government.

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TANG DYNASTY (618–907 AD)

• It was a golden age of Chinese civilization that took turning point with significant developments in trade, art, literature, particularly poetry, and technology. Buddhism became the predominant religion for common people.

• There was extensive trade with distant foreign countries, and many foreign merchants settled in China.

• The Tang culture and social systems were admired and adapted by neighboring countries like Japan.

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QING DYNASTY (1644–1911)• The Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) was the last imperial dynasty

in China that was founded by the Manchus.• The Opium War of 1840 marked a turning point in Chinese

history. From early in the 19th century, Britain started smuggling large quantities of opium into China, caused economic disruption in China.

• The Qing government sent Commissioner Lin Zexu to Guangdong to put into effect the prohibition on opium trafficking.

• After the Opium War, Britain, the United States, France, Russia and Japan forced the Qing government to sign various unequal treaties.

• At the turn of the 20th century, a conservative anti-imperialist movement, the Boxer Rebellion violently revolted against foreign suppression over vast areas in Northern China.

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REPUBLIC OF CHINA (1912- 1949)• Sun Yatsen was declared president of the new Republic of

China in 1911 and discarded the monarchical system in china.

• In 1919, there were 3000 students from Beijing university protesting for the Treaty of Versailles to stem Japanese aggression in China and to eliminate the unequal treaty system.

• The May Fourth Movement was taken up by students and sympathizers all over the country.

• In 1921, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded. • The Japanese invaded China in 1937. Japanese occupation

of China was brutal. • The end of World War II, Japanese surrendered in China in

1945.

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TURNING POINT TO MODERN TIME

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PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (1949 to PRESENT)

• On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China. Mao Zedong is the outstanding figure in modern Chinese history and also a commanding presence in the history of the twentieth century.

• This time evolved the greatest social revolution in China and it was the turning point to modern time.

• During the 1950s Mao attempting to modernize and reform many other aspects of life in China:

• Health care became free. Medicines were not very advanced but the emphasis was on prevention.

• Many business and all the banks came under state control.

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Cont…• There was a literacy drive. Party workers taught villagers to

read and write and at the same time taught them Maoist Communism. As peasants came to markets they had to pass “literacy checkpoints” operated by Communist officials.

• The result was that by the mid-1960s over 90% of China’s population had a basic grasp of reading and writing.

• Education was improved. • China’s growing industries needed a better educated

workforce. However, Mao was only interested in basics education.

• He was suspicious of universities and colleges and regarded people with a university education as enemies of Communism.

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Cont…• For centuries women had no rights in China. Female

babies might be drowned. • Girls could be sold as servants and prostitutes.• Marriages were arranged for them. • Mao banned the traditional system which made

women the servants of their men are now abolished.• Mao made divorce easier. Women could divorce

men. • He also planned nurseries so mothers could more

easily join the work. However, Mao insisted on treating women as equals saying “Women hold up half the sky.”

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GREAT LEAP FORWARD

• Mao wanted ordinary people in the towns and villages to get involved in small scale industry.

• The ordinary people created a powerful industry and in 15 years Chinese steel production would be equal to Britain and in 20 years would be equal to USA.

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CULTURAL REVOLUTION (1966- 1976)

• The Cultural Revolution took place from 1966 to 1976. Mao Zedong was the leader of revolution.

• Mao organized a group of young people called Red Guards who fought against the democratic society.

• Mao decided to re-educate intellectuals in the ways of the proletariat in farming communities where they were forced to do manual labor.

• Mao sought to eliminate bourgeoisie intellectuals from China, and create a powerful, single-class, proletariat country.

• All western books were banned and destroyed. • China was forced to carry around a book of his quotations

known as the “Little Red Book.”

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Cont…

• Gang of Four: The group included Mao’s third wife, Jiang Qing, and Wang Hongwen, Zhang Chunqiao, and Yao Wenyuan.

• The Gang of Four controlled four areas: intellectual education, basic theories in social sciences, teacher-student relations and school discipline, and party policies regarding intellectuals.

• After Mao's death in 1976 and the Deng Xiaoping quickly gained power.

• Deng set out to modernize industry, agriculture, science and defense. He introduced the household responsibility system. Under this system, farmers were allowed to sell their surplus crops on the open market. Agricultural production immediately rose.

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Cont…• Deng opened China’s markets to the west. • Joint ventures were formed and competition increased

efficiency.• The first half of the 1980s was a time of dramatic economic

growth in China and students were allowed to study abroad.• In 1997, China regained control of Hong Kong, the former

British colony. • The People Republic of China's population living standards

have seen extremely large improvements, and freedom continues to expand, but political controls remain tight and rural areas poor.

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SOCIAL SYSTEM

• Social system stresses Confucianism in China.• Confucianism is a system of behavior and ethics that stress

the obligations of people towards one another based upon their relationship. The basic tenets are based upon five different relationships:

• Ruler and subject • Husband and wife • Parents and children • Brothers and sisters • Friend and friend• Confucianism stresses duty, sincerity, loyalty, honor,

devotion, piety, respect for age and seniority. Through maintain a harmonious relation as individuals, society itself becomes stable.

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POLITICAL SYSTEM

STANDING COMMITTEE OF

NPC

STATE COUNCILCENTRAL MILITARY

COMMISSION

SUPREME PEOPLE’S COURT

SUPREME PEOPLE’S

PROCURATORATE

PRESIDENT

NATIONAL PEOPLE’S

CONGRESS

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ECONOMICAL SYSTEM

LABOR FORCE 700 MILLION

AGRICULTURE 50%INDUSTRY 24%SERVICES 26%UNEMPLOYMENT 10%

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Cont…• Major Industries:

• The larger industries include iron and steel, coal, machine building,

armaments, textiles and apparel, petroleum, footwear, toys, food

processing, automobiles, and consumer electronics. Metallurgy and

machine building have received top priority in recent years.

• Imports include machinery and equipment, plastics, chemicals, iron,

steel and mineral fuels, mainly from Japan, the United States, Taiwan,

and South Korea.

• Exports include machinery and equipment, textiles, clothing, footwear,

toys, sporting goods, mineral fuels, and chemicals. These products go

primarily to the United States, Hong Kong, Japan, and Germany.

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CULTURE IN CHINA• Domestic Unit:• Most of children to leave the parent’s home, the oldest son often

stays, as it is his duty to care for his aging parents.• But usually today, many young adults continue to live with their

parents after marriage, partly because of a housing shortage in the cities.

• Wedding ceremonies:• Weddings are usually large, expensive affairs paid for by the

groom's family.• Western-style weddings are popular, with the bride in a white or red

gown and the groom in a suit and tie. The legal age for marriage is twenty for women and twenty-two for men.

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Cont…• Infant Care:• Traditionally, male babies were valued much more highly than

female offspring. • Due to government’s one-child policy, they want to prefer baby boy

and for this reason, rates of female infanticide have risen.

•Cuisine in China:

• They are willing to eat anything like wild animals, household pets, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks, insects, fish and birds.

• They mostly use rice, rice porridge, noodles, shrimp, vegetables, and pickles. Tea is the most common beverage. Beer is also a common beverage.

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Cont…

•Dressing in China:

• China is a very traditional oriental nation. Chinese people like red color very much. At festivals or great ceremonies, they prefer to wear red clothing.

• Mid-aged woman like to wear cheong-sam or skirt; man usually wear a suit.

• Indecent dress can make your dignity lost. • Compared with senior people, youngsters would like to dress

themselves semi-formally. Bride prefers to wear red clothing in her wedding.

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CHANGES: CULTURE BOUND/ CULTURE FREE

Respect and obedience to elders is considered extremely important.

Guest must bring a small gift to the hostess.

They remove their shoes before entering the house.

The host begins eating first.

Many Chinese will look towards the ground when greeting

someone.

The Chinese have a terrific sense of humor. They can laugh at

themselves most readily if they have a comfortable relationship with

the other person.

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Cont…

Do not give scissors, knives or other cutting utensils as they

indicate the severing of the relationship.

Do not give clocks, handkerchiefs or straw sandals as they are

associated with funerals and death.

Do not give flowers, as many Chinese associate these with funerals.

Do not wrap gifts in white, blue or black paper.

Gifts may be refused three times before they are accepted. Non-

Verbal Communication

It is considered disrespectful to stare into another person's eyes. In

crowded situations the Chinese avoid eye contact to give

themselves privacy.

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TRADITIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM• Xia Dynasty was provided education to elite class.• Han dynasty formed the public education system.• During Han dynasty, the first civil service exam was set up. • China Ancient Academy was called Shu Yuan is Chinese unique

ancient education institution.• Chinese ancient academy brought up the Confucians because most

the textbooks or school disciplines were from Confucianism. • The most famous discipline was from Bailudong Ancient

Academy. • It was created by Zhu Xi who was a master of Confucianism. The

academy highlighted the ethical education.

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MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM● Facts:

● Literacy Rate: 92%

● Male: 96%

● Female: 89%

● Dropout Rate: Official MOE estimates 5% in urban areas & 11% in rural areas.

● Primary Students: 121 million

● Secondary Students: 78.4m ( including junior and secondary students)

● Post- secondary students: 11.6 million

● Teachers: 14.63 million

● Total Universities and Colleges: 2,263

● University Students: 27 million

● Gross rate of enrollment in tertiary: 23%

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STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION

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EDUCATION SYSTEM

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SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Short Cycle

(2-3years)

Under-graduate(4-5 years

Postgraduate (2-3 years

Master3-4 years Doctor)

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TYPES OF INSTITUTIONS IN CHINA

•Public Education:

• There is ‘a dual track system’ in public education in China. This

system is divided into;

•Key schools

•Ordinary schools

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Cont…

• Private Education:

•There are seven types of private schools in Chinese education.

• Elite Private Primary and Secondary Schools

• Urban/ Township Ordinary Private Secondary Schools

• Vocational Technical Schools and Single Sex Schools

• Rural Private Schools

• Private schools set up by public schools

• Private schools set up by government

• Private universities

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ASSESSING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS• The assessment of teaching quality in schools has been

strengthened. • They focus on;• External and Internal Assessment.• Ministry of Education has established a new Center for

Monitoring the Quality of Basic Education. • Chinese students participate in these programs for assessment;

1. International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)

2. International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)

3. Program of International Student Assessment (PISA)

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TEACHING STAFF

• Teachers must acquire a specialized education in politics,

general literacy, scientific knowledge, educational theories,

art, physical culture, labor skills, mastering teaching

methods for different courses pedagogy, psychology and in-

service and pre-service training.

• Universities and college teachers must receive training,

especially those under- graduates and post- graduates who

immediately start working as assistant and lecturers

respectively after finishing their studies.

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CURRICULUM• The State Education Commission developed curriculum by

expert group and formulated curricula guidelines for primary

and secondary education.

• There are two version of curriculum; one for urban schools

and one for rural schools.

• This commission has tight control over the establishment of

new academic programs guaranteeing thereby the quality of

the program.

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STUDENT LEARNING PROCESS

Active learning

Interactive learning

Hands-on ability

How to fish instead of giving fish

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TEACHING PROCESS

Classroom teaching

Social participation

Project oriented study

Team work

In teaching process, ICT is widely applied

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REFORMS IN RURAL SCHOOLS

• DVD Players and various teaching DVDs will be equipped for 110 thousand rural schools and provide educational resources for 5.1 million pupils in rural and mountainous areas.

• There are establishing 38 thousand computer classrooms in 38 thousand rural middle schools so as to deliver educational resources and information technology to 31 million rural middle schools.

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FINANCING IN EDUCATION

• Local schools are financed by local budgets.

• Social investment in education is 1.94% of GDP whilst State’s

investment is 3.41% of GDP and other financial input are

following;

• Social enterprises

• Fees tuition

• Fund raising

• Donations

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LESSON FOR PAKISTANI EDUCATION SYSTEM

SYSTEM

INCREASE EDUCATION BUDGET

NEED SUSTAINABLEPOLICIES

Emphasis on 9 years compulsory primary education

Focus on vocational

education in school level

Two version curriculum

Integrated curriculum & emphasis on moral

and political education

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LESSON FOR PAKISTANI EDUCATION SYSTEM

SYSTEM

Provide scholarship for teacher's professional development

Strengthen internal & external

assessment

Provide facility of ICT

Focus on quality education

Reforms in rural institutions

Develop research institutions

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