CHAPTER1: TRANSPORT

Q1Explain the problems faced by complex multicellular organisms to acquire useful substances and remove toxic

substances.

Ans:

a) Size of body is b………………….

b) TSA/V ratio is sm…………………

i) The bigger the size of body the more o…………….. …. and n………………….is required

and more w………………..have to be removed from cells..

ii) Cells are located very f……… in the body.

iii) Therefore d……………….alone is not enough for cell activities.

Q2 What are the components of the human circulatory system?

Ans: h…………….,b……………v……………and med…………..

Q3 What is the medium of transport in humans and arthropods such as insects?

Ans: B…………………in humans and in insects is h………………………………….

Q4 State and explain the composition of human blood:

Ans:

Q5 State the functions of blood.

Human blood

B…………c……….. Pl………..

Erythrocytes Dissolvedsubstances

Leucocytes Platelet

Shape

Bi…………..

Produced by b…………..

Destroyed at

Survive for …………….days

Shape

Irregular

Produced by ………………….. and destroyed at

Survive for ……………….

days

Shape

Irr…………

Survive for ………………..days

Water

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Ans:

Q6 Explain the function of haemolymph in insect.

Ans: a) In insects haemolymph is found in the h…………………………………………..

b) Nutrient in the haemolymph dif…………… into cells and excretory product is transported by haemolymph into the excretory system.

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN BLOOD VESSELSQ1 What is the human blood circulatory system known as? Explain why?Ans: Human blood circulatory system is known as c………………. circulatory system because blood always flows inside blood vessels only.

Q2 The three types of blood vessels in the body are = a………………., v……………….and c………

b) Vein

Functions of blood

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Thick muscular wall

Small lumen

Function: Withstand high p………….. of blood

Function: Ensure blood flows at h……….p……………….

c) Capillary

How Blood is Propelled Through the Human Circulatory System:Q1Explain how blood is sent to all parts of the body by the human circulatory system.a)Pumping of the Heart

b) Left ventricle wall of heart is thicker than the right ventricle wall. This enables the left ventricle to pump blood under high p………………...

c) Valves.inside the heart prevents b…………f…………of blood.d) Heart muscle is made up of c…………….. muscle. This means the contraction of the

muscles are not controlled by the ner…………….system.

Valve Function:

One cell thick wall Function;

Sino-atrialNode or…………..

impulseBotha……………

Atria c………………..

impulse

Atrio-ventricular node(AV node)Bundle of H……

and P……………Both v………....... contract

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S2 Blood flows through the heart in one cycle..This type of circulation is known as car…………cycle

S3 Oxygenated and deoxgenated blood do not mix in the human heart because of the s…………….in the heart.

S4 The advantage of the mammal heart compared to amphibians and reptiles is that the o……….………………..

and the d……………………………….... do not mix. This ensures all body cells receive sufficient

o………………….and n…………………………Animals with f…………chambered heart can grow bigger.

S5 The human blood circulatory system is made of the s…….. ………..and p………………systems.

Q2 Label Systemic circulatory system ,Pulmonary circulatory system, Lungs, Heart and Body cells in the diagram

below

S3 A cardiac cycle includes -d…………..of atria and ventricle for 0.4 s- s…………..of atria for 0.1s- s…………..of v…………….for 0.3s

Q3 What are the problems faced by veins in transporting blood back to the heart?Ans:-The blood in veins are flowing at l……………pressure- The blood in veins are flowing against g…………………..

Q4 How does the blood in the vein flow back to the heartAns:-The v………….in the veins prevent b……… flow of blood-The s…………….muscles around the veins contract to push the blood in the veins

Regulatory Mechanism of Blood PressureQ1 What is blood pressure? Ans: It is the force exerted by blood on the wall of ar…………...Q2 What is the normal blood pressure in humans?Ans:…………………mmHgS1 The receptor which can detect pressure of blood in the aorta and carotid arteries is bar……………

Human blood circulatory system

Pul…………… circulatory system

Sys……………..circulatory system

LUNGS

HEART

BODY CELLS

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S2 Blood pressure can be measured using sphy…………………………………

Q3 A person who is sleeping has lower blood pressure. When he gets up, the blood pressure returns to normal. Explain how this occurs.Ans:- decrease in blood pressure stimulates the sym………………………… nerve- symphathetic nerve increases stimulation of s……………a…………….node- heart muscle c………………… more-arteries const………….and l……………….becomes smaller-blood flows faster-blood pressure is back to normalQ4 A girl is carrying out exercise. Her blood pressure increases. When she stops exercising her blood pressure returns to normal. Explain how?Ans:- increase in blood pressure stretches the b…………………..in the arteries.- nerve impulse is sent to medulla oblongata .- Medulla oblongata sends impulses by p……………………… nerve to decrease stimulation of ………………………….node- heart muscle c………………… less-arteries dil………….and l……………….becomes bigger-blood flows slower-blood pressure is back to normal

Circulatory Systems in Fish, Amphibians and HumansQ1 Compare and contrast the circulatory systems in humans, amphibians and fish

Animal blood circulatory system

Fish Amphibian Insects

Closed s…………………circulatory system…….atrium…….. ventricle

Closed d…………………. circulatory systemBreathe using l…….and s………….Gi……...

O………circulatory system

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Q2 Explain why most animals with four-chambered heart are bigger in size than animals with three chambered heart?Ans:- O……………………….blood and d……………………………blood do not m……….. in the heart.- The thick wall of left v………………………….. enables blood to be transported at a high pressure.-Therefore all body cells receive sufficient o……………………..and nut………………………

Understanding the Mechanism Blood ClottingQ1 Explain the importance of blood clotting.Ans: Blood clotting at the site of damaged blood vessel is important because:

a. it prevents loss of blood.

b. it prevents harmful m…………………from entering the body

c. it ensures the blood p……………. does not decrease

Q2 Decribe how blood clotting occurs.

Ans:

Consequences of Impaired Blood Clotting Mechanism.Q1 Describe what happens if blood clotting mechanism does not function.Ans:

Injury at blood vessel

Platelets clump together to p…….the wound

T……………….released

Vitamin …

………………..forms meshwork of threads over wound to trap ………………….………………….

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Lymphatic SystemQ1 Describe how interstitial fluid is formed.Ans:- Substances diffuse out from the blood c…………………. into s…………….. between cells/tissues.- All components of blood except e…………………, large plasma p…………………………and pl……………… cannot diffuse out of blood capillaries.-The fluid formed outside blood capillaries is called tissue fluid or i…………………………fluid.-Tissue fluid acts as a m……………………….that provides substances to the cells and vice-versa.-Tissue fluid must be returned to the blood circulatory system to maintain bloodp………………………… -If excess tissue fluid not returned to blood circulatory system, it will cause swelling

or o…………….-Tissue fluid is the i………………………………environment of the body.

Q2 Explain why the interstitial fluid is important?Ans:The interstitial fluid is important because

- it surrounds all cells.- it allows o...........................and n..................................from blood to diffuse to cel- exc.............................products from cells can be removed from cells into blood capillary

Impaired Blood Clotting Mechanism

Haemophilia Thrombosis

Blood does not clot because no gene called

f…………………………

Blood will clot inside damaged wall of a……………………. . Artery blocked by blood clot is called t………………….When thrombus(blood clot) moves in blood vessels it is known as e………………… When it is trapped in artery it blocks blood flow and known as e……………….

If coronary artery is partially blocked it can cause a……………….;If total blockage it causes h…………a………A s………..occurs when e…………………blocks flow of blood to brains cells.

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Q3 What is the lymphatic system made up of?-Lymphatic system is made up of:l………………c…………………. Thymus gland

l………………v……………… sp……………l………………n………………… Ton…………

Q4 Explain how the lymphatic system complements the blood circulatory system?Ans:

Q5 What are the similarities and differences between the contents of blood, interstitial fluid and lymph?

Ans: (Tick √ in the correct box)Content Blood Interstitial fluid LymphWater √Minerals √Hormones, enzymes

√

Erythrocytes √Lymphocytes √Platelets √Large protein molecules

√

Q6What happens to the interstitial fluid?Ans: ………………….% of tissue fluid returns to the blood capillary and ……..% diffuses into the l………………….. capillaries.At the venous end of blood capillaries the o......................... pressure of blood is higher than the h………………… pressure of blood.. Therefore tissue fluid returns to blood capillaries.The fluid which enters the lymphatic capillaries is called l……….. or l…………………… fluid.

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Lymph incapillary

l……...v…….. R………..

l…………..d……..

r……….s……………v……..

Flow intoT…………..d……

Left side body

Right arm ,head

l…….s…………….v…….

heart Vena cava

Q7 What is the function of the lymphatic system?Ans:a) To return interstitial fluid to the b……………c………….........................system.b) It is important in body defense system because it has a lot oflym………………………………….c) Transports f..................a................, g .............................and fat soluble v………………… from the intestine to the blood circulatory system

ROLE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN THE BODY’S DEFENCE MECHANISMSQ1 Describe the body’s three lines of defence mechanism.Ans:

First line of defence Second line of defence Third line of defenceSweat, saliva and tears contain the enzyme l……………….that destroys bacteriaMucuos membranes traps microbes and dusth………………….acid in stomach kills bacteria

Phagocytes are white blood cells that engulf pathogens by a process known as pha..........................................Digestive enzymes are produced by neutrophils to destroy and digest the ................

The lymphocytes arefound in b...............................andl....................n.................Two types of lymphocytes are T-.................................. and B-..................................

S1 A...................... is produced by lymphocytes and antig................is a foreign substance in the bodyQ2 Describe the process of phagocytosis.

- The n………………………..is attracted to the bacteria- The neutrophil surrounds the bacteria by using p......................................- A phagocytic vacuole is formed inside the neutrophil- E..................... are secreted into the vacuole to digest and destroy the bacteria

S2 Immunity = ability of organism to defend against infection by p……………….S3 Immunisation= process whereby the body produces its own a..........................after v.................................S3 Plasma –fibrinogen = s…………………S4 Serum + antibody = a…………s……………….S5 Vaccine is made up of dead or weakened p.................................S6 The process of receiving vaccine is called v................................

Body Defence System

f……………line of defence

s………….line of defence

t………….line of defence

Prevents microbes from entering the body

skin……………………. …………………..…………………..

macro....................in lymphatic system and blood

circulatory system

Phagocytes like neu…………………

and mo……………………. attack by phagocy…….

Immune reaction

a………………….. are produced by the

lymphocytes

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Q3 Explain how antibodies destroy antigens.Ans: Antibodies are specific in action and destroy antigens in 3 different ways:

Q6 State the types of immunity found in the human body. For each immunity give an example.

Ans:

Antibody destroys antigens in three

ways

N……………….- antibodies neutralize toxin that is produced by antigen

Agg……………….-antibodies make the bacteria or virus stick to each other

P………………….-antibodies dissolve the membrane of bacteria or virus

mac……………………will destroy bacteria or virus by phagocytosis

Immunity

Active Passive

N……………-antibody produced

by own body after recovering from disease(ex: flu, chicken pox)

A……………………-antibody produced by own body after vaccination(ex: rubella, measles)

N…………………- antibody received from mother to fetus or from mother’s milk to baby

A………………..- antibody received from serum (ex: snake bite, wild animals bite)

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Q7 What are the differences between active and passive immunity?Ans:

Active immunity Passive immunity

Body cells of a person produce a…………. A person is given a………………….

Immunity can last for a l……………time Immunity can last for a s……………time

Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)

S1 HIVcauses A...............................................................................................or AIDSS2 HIV attacks helper ........... cells and destroys them. Therefore other l.................... are not activated and the immune system becomes weak. Therefore a....................... are not produced by lymphocytes. The body cannot fight against any pathogens anymore. The AIDS person loses w..................... The n....................s.....................also cannot function well. S3 HIV can only survive in body fluids like s....................., b......................and vaginal fluid.S4 HIV can be transmitted by:

- sharing sy.........................or needles of infected persons- s.............................intercourse with infected person- Contact with b.................. with an infected person-From an infected mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breast-feeding

S5 Preventive measures to prevent AIDS are-having sexual relationship with only one partner-Use c.........................during copulation-Educate the people about dangers of AIDS-Counsel HIV positive people so that they do not spread HIV to others

S6 Cardiovascular disease are problems related to the heart and b................circulatory system.S7 Examples of heart related disease are

----

S8 Cardiovascular diseases can be caused by- high blood c................................- cigarette smoking- o....................................- d..........................m..............................- sedentary lifestyle

S9 Cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by- regular exercise- correct b............................ w.................................- stress-free lifestyle

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Understanding the Transport of Substances in Plants

Q1 Why do plants require a transport system?Ans:Plant cells need w.......................for metabolismPlant cells need m........................to be healthyFood synthesised in leaves have to be sent to all parts of plant.

S1 The vascular system in plants is made up of x.........................and p..........................Q2 Describe how the structure vascular tissues are adapted to carry out its functions.Ans:

Xylem PhloemFunction 1 Give mechanical

s........................ for plants

2Transport w..................and m......................

Transports organic food substances like g................... from leaves to all parts of plants

Structure

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Adaptation for function

Long , hollow continuous tube because no cytoplasm to obstruct flow in xylem

Cell wall filled with cellulose to strengthen the walls

T…………… are found in conifers and ferns. Water and minerals pass from cell to cell through p……….

Flowering plants have c........................ cells

C.............................cells provide energy to transport food from leaf cells to sieve tubes

Q3 What is translocation?Ans:Translocation is the transport of organic substances by p…………… from leaves to all parts of the plant.

Q3 What is transpiration?Ans: Transpiration is loss of w………………v………………from plants to atmosphere. Most transpiration occurs through the s……………… and a small amount is loss through the c……………….and l……………….in woody stems.

Q4 State two importance of transpiration:Ans: -Transpiration creates a t…………………….p………… that pulls water and minerals from roots.- Water keeps the cells t……………to give support to leaves and young stems-Evaporation of water c………….. the plant in hot weather

Q5 Explain the pathway of water from soil to leaves.Ans: 3 factors that enable movement of water from roots to leaves are:

- r........................p.................................. It is the force that pushes water from roots to x.................... in the stem. It ensures water is pushed up the xylem to a certain height.- c............................a............................. is the combined force of a.......................and c.................................

C......................... ensures water molecules form a continous water column in xylem.A.......................... ensures water is attracted to xylem walls.

- t................................p.........................is the suction force that enables water to move along xylem to the leaves. During day time, water e................................. from cells inside the leaves to substomaWater evaporates from s........................Loss of water from cells inside leaves is replaced by water from x..................This creates a suction force which ensures continuos flow of water and minerals in the xylem

Q6 What is guttation?Ans: At night some plants remove excess water by process called g..............................

The part of the leaf whereby process takes place is h................................

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Q7 What are the differences between guttation and transpiration?Ans:

Aspect Transpiration GuttationForm of substance vapour liquidWaste product Water vapour Water, mineralsExcreted by Stoma, lenticels Hy……………..When it happens Day Hot, humid nightCooling effect Yes ………………Type of plant All land plants Herbaceous plant

Q8 Describe opening and closing of stoma during day time and night:Ans:

Day time Night-P………………………..occurs. -G…………………… is produced. -Potassium ions transported into g………………….c……………….-O…………………pressure in guard cells increase.-Lower osmotic pressure in epidermal cells. -Water diffuses from epidermal cells into guard cells. -Guard cells become t……………….. and curve outward. -S………………. opens.

-P………………does not occur. -G………………… is not produced. -Potassium ions transported out of g……………..c………… to epidermis cells-O…………………pressure in guard cells de…………..-H…………..osmotic pressure in epidermal cells. -Water diffuses from guard cells to epidermal cells. -Guard cells become f……………….. -S………………. closes.

Q9 What are the four factors that affect transpiration?Ans: - A................m.........................................- T..................................- L........................I................................- R.................................H......................................

Q10 Using graphs show how the rate of transpiration is affected by 4 factors.Ans:

Humidity Light Intensity

Temperature Carbon dioxide concentration

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