Chapter 2 -PowerPoint

Copyright © 2004 by Delmar Learning, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 1

PowerPoint® Presentation for Medical Terminology

Chapter 2: The Human Body in Health and

Disease


Knowledge Learning Objectives

• Define anatomy and physiology and use anatomic reference systems to identify the anatomic position, body planes, directions, and cavities.

• Define the terms associated with cytology and genetics including chromosomes, genes, DNA, and mutation.


Comprehension Learning Objectives

• Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to the abdominal cavity and peritoneum.

• Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to the structure, function, pathology, and procedures of cells, tissues, and glands.


Comprehension Learning Objectives

• Identify the body systems in terms of their major structures and functions.

• Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to types of diseases and the modes of disease transmission.


Application Learning Objectives

• Differentiate between genetic and congenital disorders and identify examples of each.


Word Parts

• -ac-ac

• Aden/oAden/o

• Adip/oAdip/o

• Cephal/oCephal/o

• Coron/oCoron/o

• Cyt/oCyt/o

• Endo-Endo-

• Exo-Exo-


Word Parts

• Hist/o

• -malacia

• -ologist

• -ology

• -oma

• Path/o

• -plasia


Key Terms

• Abdominal cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity

• Adenectomy

• Adenoma

• Adenomalacia

• Adenosclerosis

• Adipose tissue

• Anaplasia


Key Terms

• Anomaly

• Anterior

• Aplasia

• Caudal

• Cephalic

• Communicable disease

• Congenital disorder

• Coronal


Key Terms

• Cytoplasm

• Deoxyribonucleic

• Distal

• Dorsal

• Dysplasia

• Endemic

• Endocrine glands

• Epidemic


Key Terms

• Epigastric region

• Epithelial tissue

• Etiology

• Exocrine glands

• Genome

• Hemophilia

• Histology

• Homeostasis


Key Terms

• Hyperplasia

• Hypertrophy

• Hypochondriac regions

• Hypogastric region

• Hypoplasia

• Iatrogenic illness

• Idiopathic disease

• Iliac regions


Key Terms

• Infectious disease

• Inguinal

• Lumbar regions

• Mesentery

• Midsagittal plane

• Nosocomial infection

• Nucleus

• Pandemic


Key Terms

• Pathology

• Pelvic cavity

• Peritoneum

• Peritonitis

• Phenylketonuria

• Physiology

• Posterior

• Proximal


Key Terms

• Retroperitoneal

• Thoracic cavity

• Transverse plane

• Ventral


Anatomic Reference Systems

• Body planes

• Body directions

• Body cavities

• Structural Units


The Anatomic Position

• Standing up so that the body is erect.

• Facing forward

• Holding the arms at the sides

• Turning the hands with the palms toward the front.


Body Planes

• Divides the body vertically and horizontally while in the anatomic position.

• Aids in descriptive purposes.


Vertical and Horizontal Planes

• Sagittal plane

• Midsagittal plane

• Coronal plane

• Transverse plane


Major Body Cavities

• Dorsal

• Ventral


Dorsal Cavity

• Cranial cavity

• Spinal cavity


Ventral Cavity

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity


Quadrants of the Abdomen

• Right upper quadrant

• Left upper quadrant

• Right lower quadrant

• Left lower quadrant


Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen

• Hypochondriac regions

• Epigastric region

• Lumbar regions

• Umbilical region


Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen

• Iliac regions

• Hypogastric region


Peritoneum

• Parietal peritoneum

• Visceral peritoneum


Cells: The Body’s Basic Unit

• Basic structural units of the body.

• Grouped together to form tissues and organs.

• Exact replicas are produced when the cell divides.


Stem Cells

• Unspecialized cells that renew themselves through cell division.

• Can be induced to become cells with special functions.

• Used for bone marrow transplants in the treatment of leukemia.


Sources of Stem Cells

• Newly formed embryos.

• Cord blood

• Adult tissues


The Structure of Cells

• Cell membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Nucleus


Chromosomes

• Found in cell nucleus

• Bearers of genes


Somatic Cell

• Contains 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs.

• 22 identical pairs of chromosomes, plus an XX or XY pair to determine sex.


Sex Cells

• Sperm and eggs, also called gametes

• Do not have 46 chromosomes

• Each mature sex cell has 23 single chromosomes.


Genetics

• DNA

• Genome

• Clone


Genetic Mutation

• Somatic cell mutation

• Gametic Cell Mutation


Dominant and Recessive Genes

• Offspring will have genetic condition, when dominant gene is inherited from one parent

• Offspring will not have genetic condition when a recessive gene is inherited from one parent and normal gene is inherited from other parent.


Dominant and Recessive Genes

• Offspring will have the genetic condition when a recessive gene is inherited from both parents.


Genetic Disorders

• Cystic fibrosis

• Down Syndrome

• Hemophilia

• Huntington’s disease

• Muscular dystrophy

• Phenylketonuria

• Sickle cell anemia

• Tay-Sachs disease


Congenital Disorders

• Developmental disorder

• Prenatal influences

• Birth injuries


Tissue: Cells Working Together

• Histology

• Histologist


Types of Tissue

• Epithelial Tissues

• Connective Tissues

• Muscle Tissue

• Nerve Tissue


Epithelial Tissues

• Epithelial tissues

• Epithelium

• Endothelium


Connective Tissues

• Connective tissues

• Adipose tissue

• Loose connective tissue


Pathology of Tissue Formation

• Anaplasia

• Aplasia

• Dysplasia

• Hyperplasia

• Hypertrophy

• Hypoplasia


Glands

• Exocrine glands

• Endocrine glands


Pathology and Procedures of the Glands

• Adenectomy

• Adenitis

• Adenoma

• Adenomalacia

• Adenosclerosis

• Adenosis


Organs and Body Systems

• Somewhat independent body part

• Performs a special function or functions


Major Body Systems

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Cardiovascular

• Lymphatic and Immune

• Respiratory

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Nervous


Major Body Systems

• Special Senses

• Integumentary

• Endocrine

• Reproductive


Pathology

• Disease transmission

• Outbreaks of Diseases

• Types of Diseases


Disease Transmission

• Communicable disease

• Bloodborne transmission

• Airborne transmission

• Foodborne and waterborne transmission


Outbreaks of Diseases

• Endemic

• Epidemic

• Pandemic


Types of Diseases

• Infectious disease

• Idiopathic disorder

• Organic disorder

• Functional disorder

• Iatrogenic illness

• Nosocomial infection

Education

Chapter 2 -PowerPoint