1450 - 1750

Chapter 17The Transformation of the

West

Italian Renaissance

Challenge of medieval values and stylesBoccaccio and Petrarch promote values in

their writing that is contrary to medieval logic and theology

Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince – political theory, discussed realistic ways to seize and maintain power.

Humanism – focus on human kind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor Religion isn’t attacked, but is no longer the dominant

focus

Niccolo Machiavelli

The PrincePublished in 1513Combined personal experience of politics

with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power

“The end justifies the means” (do what you gotta do)

Ruthless power politics, use whatever methods necessary to achieve goals

Controversy? - some see this as an excuse to be corrupt and deceitful politicians

Influence?

Commerce – merchants improve banking techniques, b/m more openly profit-seeking

Political – leaders rule with emphasis on what they could do to advance the well-being and glory of their city Develop professional armies Sponsored cultural activities

Italian City-StatesFlorence, Milan, Venice,

Genoa, Rome, Naples, etc.Because Italy was the

center of the Roman Empire, Italy was a natural place for the birth of the Renaissance.

Merchant class – wealthy and powerful, promoted cultural revival. Stressed education, individual achievement, and lavishly supported the arts.

PatronsMerchant class -

Northern Renaissance

Albrecht Durer – “German Leonardo” Studied in Italy Wide-range of interests, painted and created engravings

Engravings – artists etches a design on a metal plate with acid and uses the plate to make prints

Flemish painters – develop oil paint, which survives time more successfully

Hubert van Eyck Paintings of townspeople and religious scenes, realistic details

Pieter Bruegel Vibrant colors to portrayal lively scenes of peasant life

Peter Paul Rubens Enormous paintings of pagan figures from the classical past

Albrecht Durer – Praying Hands

The Rhinoceros

Jan van Eyck – The Arnolfini Marriage

The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin

Books from Alibris

Pieter Bruegel – Peasant Wedding

The Peasants’ Dance

Children’s Games

Northern Humanists

Erasmus –(Desiderius) Thought Bible should be translated to vernacular The Praise of Folly – uses humor to expose ignorant

and immoral behavior by limiting church to Latin it is as if “the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it”

Thomas More’s Utopia Ideas society in which men and women live in peace

and harmony, no one is idle, all are educated, justice is used to end crime Utopian “ideal society”

Writers for a New Audience

Shakespeare – England Renaissance playwright and

poet 1590-1613 – wrote 37 plays Increases vocab of the

English language – over 1,700 words (bedroom, lonely, generous, gloomy, heartsick, etc)

Printing Revolution

1456- Johann Gutenberg, Mainz, Germany

Developed movable type Created first printing

press and the first complete edition of the Bible

By 1500 over 20 million volumes were printed

Cheaper and easier to produce

Literacy rates increase Broad range of

knowledge

Martin Luther

Was a devout Catholic, served as a monk, tried to continually bring himself closer to God

Nails his Ninety-five Theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany on All Hallows Eve, 1517 Protests sale of indulgences (“Heaven Insurance” for

you and your loved ones – dead or alive!) Salvation by faith alone; he opposed the Catholic

Church’s beliefs in penance and good works Bible is the only authority for Christian life; Pope is a

false authority Priesthood of all believers – each person should have an

individual relationship with God and should read/interpret the Bible for him/herself

All people are equal in the eyes of God

Wrote many books, essays, and letters – which are quickly printed and spread throughout

Luther was not easily silenced – he ideas shake Europe

Pope Leo X issues a Papal Bull June 15,1520 and threatens to excommunicate Luther unless he recanted

Luther and his students at the University of Witten berg burned the Papal Bull in a bonfire

Pope excommunicates Luther

Charles V – HRE 1521 – summons Luther to the Imperial Diet at

Worms to stand trial Refuses to recant his ideas,

“Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason…my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. Amen.”

Charles V replies – “A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for a

thousand years must be wrong…I will proceed against him as a notorious heretic”

Charles V issues Edict of Worms – declaring Luther an outlaw and heretic

Frederick the Wise – German prince of Saxony, protects Luther in his castle for the first year after the Diet of Worms Spends the year translating the New Testament into

German

Luther’s ideas were practiced – priests began leading worship in German, calling themselves “ministers”

People give up on trying to reform the Catholic Church and become a group known as Lutherans

Changing Views of the Universe

Copernicus Heliocentric theory – sun is

center of universe, Earth revolves around sun

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Tycho Brahe Evidence to support

Copernicus’s theory Galileo

Assembled astronomical telescope Sees Jupiter with moons

rotating around it, like Copernicus’s claim of the Earth around the sun

Condemned for challenging Christian teachings that the heavens are fixed, unmoving and perfect

Tried before the Inquisition, was threatened death if he didn’t rescind his claims (he gives in)

Absolute monarchies“Reality checkers” –

Parliament/Estates General

Extending Spanish Power Charles V and the

Hapsburg Empire Inherits huge empire –

Spain and the Austrian Hapsburg Empire

Reign of continual conflict Protestant Reformation Ottoman empire and

Suleiman – up to Vienna

Charles V divides his empire, gives up his titles, and enters a monastery in 1556 HRE lands to bro- Ferdinand Spain and Netherlands to his

son, Philip (Philip II)

King Philip II of Spain 1556-1598 Hard-working Devout and ambitious 42 year reign Made his own power

absolute Claimed divine right Saw himself as guardian of

the Catholic Church and worked to strengthen it Enforced religious unity Spanish Inquisition against

Protestants and heretics

Netherlands viciously revolted for freedom from Spain’s reign Revolts in the 1560’s, 1581 – Dutch Netherlands

(they’re Protestant btw), not official til 1648Queen Elizabeth I of England is the

archenemy (she and England are Protestant) Queen Elizabeth secretly, then openly supported

the Netherlands efforts for freedom Encouraged Sea Dogs (English privateers) to

plunder Spanish treasure ships British navy defeats the Spanish Armada

Spanish had 130 ships 20,000 men and 2,400 artillery Long term effects of this event!!!

1600s Spain’s power and prosperity begin to decline

Lack of strong leadershipEconomic issues

Overseas wars drain wealth Treasure from the Americas caused imbalance –

Spain neglected their agriculture and commerce Expulsion of Muslims and Jews caused a deficit of

skilled artisans and merchants American gold and silver caused soaring inflation

France under Louis XIV Huguenots – French Protestants

Catholicism is majority in France St. Bartholomew’s Day, August 24, 1572 –

Huguenot and Catholic nobles gather to celebrate a royal wedding Violence erupts and 3,000 Huguenots are massacred

Many more Huguenots are slaughtered during the next few days St. Bart’s Day Massacre becomes a symbol of a complete

deterioration of order in France

Henry IV

Huguenot prince who inherits the French throne in 1589

“Paris is well worth a Mass” Edict of Nantes – 1598

Officially tolerated Huguenots, allowed them to fortify their own towns and cities

“a chicken in every pot” Attempt to mend peasant life Improves roads, builds

bridges, revives agriculture

**by reducing role of nobles, he lays groundwork for absolutism

Richelieu

Henry IV killed by an assassin Louis XIII (his son) becomes king

and appoints Cardinal Armand Richeleiu as his chief minister

Richelieu – cunning, capable leader, spends his time strengthening the central government Tries to destroy nobles’ power Smashes the walls of Huguenot

cities and bans formation of Huguenot armies

Defeated private armies of nobles and destroyed their fortified castles

Handpicks his successor – Cardinal Jules Mazarin

Louis XIV, the Sun King Became king at very young age (5 yrs

old), Mazarin essentially rules for him The Fronde – uprising of nobles,

merchants, peasants, and urban poor rebel, rioters even drive Louis out of the palace (even as a young boy)

Mazarin dies 1661 “L’etat, c’est moi” – I am the State –

Louis XIV takes responsibility for his reign and becomes an absolute monarch.

The Sun – becomes his symbol of absolute power Sun is the center of the universe

and I am the center of the nation “I am the State”

Doesn’t call up the Estates General during his reign (so his power isn’t checked)

From 1614-1789 The Estates General isn’t called up

Colbert

Intendant system – royal officials who collect taxes, recruit soldiers, and carry out king’s policies in each province

Army becomes Europe’s best – state paid, fed, trained and supplied up to 300,000 soldiers

Jean Baptiste Colbert – brilliant finance minister High tariffs on imports,

encouraged overseas colonies, export to colonies

Becomes wealthiest state in Europe

Versailles

Built in the countryside near Paris Spared no expense Became the king’s home and seat of government Housed 10,000 people from nobles and officials to

servants Elaborate ceremonies and rituals “levee” **Controlling the nobles by luring them to

Versailles**

Triumph of Parliament in England

Tudors Line of Successors – While the Tudor rulers believe in divine right, they also gave

Parliament consideration King Henry VIII

Asked Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy – when they do, the monarch of England becomes the head of the Church of England

Parliament becomes used to being consulted Edward VI Mary I Queen Elizabeth I – 1559-1603

Consulted Parliament when needed, made her a very popular ruler Forbade Parliament to meddle with the concept of her marriage

(or lack of)

When Elizabeth dies in 1603, no direct heir

Stuarts – ruling family of Scotland, closest relative

King James I Butted heads with Parliament

Actually dissolves Parliament and collects the taxes he wants on his own

Dissenters – Puritans wanted to “purify” the Church of England of Catholic practices Call for simpler services and a

more democratic church (no bishops)

K. James tells them to leave or he’ll “do worse”

King James version of the Bible emerged in 1611

Charles I – inherits throne in 1625 Behaved like an absolute monarch Imprisoned people without trial and squeezed

nation for money 1628 needed to raise taxes again and has to

summon Parliament Won’t approve taxation til K. Charles signs

the Petition of Right (prohibits king from taxing without Parliament’s approval, and prohibits imprisonment for unjust cause)

Signs it, but dissolved Parliament in 1629 Rules for 11 years without them Creates bitter enemies – especially the

Puritans 1637 – tries to impose the Book of Common

Prayer on the Scottish Calvinists They revolt, Charles summons Parl. To pay for

the army needed to take care of the revolt

The Long Parliament

Met on and off from 1640-1653Parliament tried and executed the King’s

chief ministersDeclare Parliament can’t be dissolved

without their own consentCharles I lashes backLeads troops into the House of Commons to

arrest its most radical leaders They escape through the back door and flee to form

their own armies

English Civil War

1642-1649 Cavaliers v. Roundheads Charles I and supporters v.

Parliament and supporters – country gentry, town-dwelling manufacturers, and Puritan clergy

Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell Skilled general New Model Army By 1647 the king was in the

hands of Parliamentary forces

Parliament puts King Charles on trial Condemned to death as a “tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy” January 1649 “I am a martyr of the people” Says a prayer and then signals the executioner ***Implications in Europe?***

Shockwave through EuropeKings had been assassinated or killed in

battle but never tried and executed by their own people

In England – no ruler can claim absolute power and ignore the rule of law

The Commonwealth

The House of Commons abolishes the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the Church of England

Declares England a republic, called the Commonwealth

Oliver Cromwell will serve as their leader

Puritan Influence

“rule of saints” – social revolution Sunday set aside for religious

observance Anyone 14 or older caught

“profaning” the Lord’s Day could be fined

Theatres, lewd dancing, taverns, and gambling are all restricted/closed down

Education is highly encouraged so both boys and girls can read the Bible

Encourage marriage to be based on love to encourage fidelity

Cromwell allowed religious freedom to other Protestants, and even welcomed Jews back into England (after 350+ yrs of exile)

Lord protector

Oliver can’t get along with the Rump Parliament either House of Commons wants to disband

Cromwell’s 50,000 man army So he disbands Parliament

1653 – Declares himself Lord Protector Imposes Puritan prohibitions Creates the first written constitution for his

“republic”…de facto dictatorship Dies 1658, son Richard succeeds him, but

England has had enough

Cromwell dies 1658 Puritans lose grip on England 1660 – Parliament invites Charles II to take his rightful place as King Monarchy is restored and the people warmly welcome him Reopened taverns and theatres Restored Church of England, tolerated other Protestants

James II inherits throne 1685

Flaunts his Catholic faith – even appoints Catholics in high office positions

English Protestants really worried James II will reinstate Catholicism

Parliamentary leaders ask James II’s daughter, Mary and her husband William to become the rulers of the throne

Glorious Revolution William and Mary come over from the Netherlands James II flees to France Bloodless overthrow of leadership called a “glorious

revolution” King William III and Queen Mary II are not crowned

until they recognize SEVERAL of Parliament’s conditions English Bill of Rights – requires monarch to

summon Parliament regularly and gives the House of Commons “power of the purse”

Bars Catholic monarchs Restates traditional rights of English citizens (trial

by jury) Abolishes excess fines, cruel or unjust punishment Habeas corpus – no person can be held in prison

without first being charged a specific crime Toleration Act 1689 – limits religious freedom to

Puritans, Quakers and other dissenters (not Catholics yet); but, only CofE can hold gvt positions

Enlightenment

Early Philosopher – Thomas Hobbes

Humans are flawed and need strong, harsh leadership

John Locke Natural rights Tabula rasa Social contract

Enlightenment Philosophers Rousseau – “Social Contract” Montesquieu – checks and balances

Status Check

SpainFranceEnglandHREItalyThe Church

Chapter 18 – Russia!

Russia: the third Rome?Ivan IIIIvan IV

Time of Troubles oprichniki

Michael Romanov

Peter the Great

His Focus (the 3 W’s)WesternizationWindow to the West

Building St. Petersburg

Warm water ports Needs to acquire them

Selective Borrowing

Toured all over Europe incognitoShipbuilding from HollandBallet from FranceChristmas trees from Germany

St. Petersburg

“Window to the West”Built in 1703Built on a marshCapital from 1703-

1918

Organizes military in Western style

First navy for RussiaEstablishes secret

policeContinually extended

territoryBuilds up industry

Some serfs sent to mines and the industrial jobs

Forcing Westernization

Forced on aristocracyBeardsWedding whips (p.

408 Stearns)Western clothesSpeaking French

Catherine the Great

Marries Peter IIIPrussian princess, converted to

Orthodoxy once her marriage is arranged

Becomes main ruler and helps develop a strong central state

Pugachev RebellionClaims AlaskaFights Ottomans, wins Crimean

SeaPartition of Poland – split

between Austria, Russia, and Prussia