CHAPTER 10: CHAPTER 10:

STRUCTURE STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION

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ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGYManufacturing > Communication > Transportation and Power > Construction > Industrial Design

LEARNING OUTCOMES

EARTHWORK

SITE PREPARATION

FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION

STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION

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SUPERSTURCTURECONSTRUCTION STRUCTURE COVERING

INTRODUCTION

LEARNING OUTCOMESLEARNING OUTCOMES : : Students should be able to:Students should be able to: List the procedures to construct structureList the procedures to construct structure List earthwork activities.List earthwork activities. Describe earthwork processes.Describe earthwork processes. Explain the purpose of using foundation.Explain the purpose of using foundation. List the types of foundation.List the types of foundation. Describe the types of foundation.Describe the types of foundation. Plan a flowchart on the process of construction Plan a flowchart on the process of construction

structure.structure. List superstructure construction and method List superstructure construction and method

available.available. List structure covering methods.List structure covering methods. Describe structure covering methodsDescribe structure covering methods

INTRODUCTIOINTRODUCTIONN

Structure construction works are performed by the contractor and supervised by the project manager. In structure construction stage, various type of work are involved and facilitated by various construction machineries.

SITE PREPARATIONSITE PREPARATION• ACQUIRING PERMIT AND PERMISSION

Application for acquiring permission to construct building is normally dependent on local regulation enforced by the local authority. Application for acquiring permission should be enclosed with the drawing, specification, site plan, primary stakeholders and land ownership letter of the project.

SITE PREPARATIONSITE PREPARATION•CONSTRUCTION SITE CLEARING

a) Cutting and uprooting a) Cutting and uprooting tree that obstructing tree that obstructing construction workconstruction work

b) Demolishing old b) Demolishing old structuresstructures

Trees on the Trees on the construction site which construction site which obstruct construction obstruct construction works need to be works need to be chopped or uprooted to chopped or uprooted to the dumping area the dumping area

Structures that are Structures that are not required at the not required at the construction site construction site should be demolishedshould be demolished

Cutting and uprooting tree that obstructing construction work

Demolishing old structures

SITE PREPARATIONSITE PREPARATION•DETERMINING STRUCTURE LOCATIONPickets and stakes were used in

setting out process to determined structure or building location. Accuracy in setting out process helps to determine the location, shape and size of building according to the drawing of the building plan. There are two methods to determine structure location;

• Site line method

• Center line method

A a’

B

A A

a

c

b

d

g

fe

4

3

b’

SITE LINE METHODSITE LINE METHOD

Steps :

1.Construct AB line as a site line. Border line can be used as site line too. Site line should be drawn clearly because it is used as a reference line when other sign are missing.

2.Measure and mark point a’ and point b’ on the site line according to building size.

3.Point a and b should be a building line parallel with the site line.

4.Mark point d where ad line is perpendicular to line ab. To get a perpendicular angle, pythagoras method is used.4

3

SITE LINE METHODSITE LINE METHOD

CENTRE LINE METHODCENTRE LINE METHOD

g b

e

c

y

B

z

d

A

STEPS:

1. Construct line AB as a centre line. Generally, it is located in the middle of a building. This centre line should be drawn clearly because it is used as reference line.

2. Measure and mark point a and point b by taking into account the distance from line AB. Line AB is perpendicular to line ab. The method used to accquire perpendicular angle is similar to the site line method.

3. Measure and mark point c and point d by considering the distance from line AB. Line cd is perpendicular to line AB.

4. Measure and mark point e on line bc

5. Measure and mark point g on line ab

6. Measure and mark point f on line AB

7. For testing the accuracy of setting out work, measure the distance of ac and bd. If ac=bd, therefore all angles in abcd is accurate.

CENTRE LINE METHODCENTRE LINE METHOD

SITE PREPARATIONSITE PREPARATION•CONSTRUCTION SITE ARRANGEMENT

After the location of the construction structure has been marked, temporary building and facilities has to be identified.

Access RoadAccess Road

Construction site should have temporary access Construction site should have temporary access road to ease workers movement and transport road to ease workers movement and transport construction materialconstruction material

Site OfficeSite OfficeUsed as a place to manage the operation of all Used as a place to manage the operation of all construction works. Normally near to the main construction works. Normally near to the main entranceentrance

AccomodatioAccomodationn

Needs to be constructed for workersNeeds to be constructed for workers

UtilitiesUtilities(electri(electric, water c, water telephone)telephone)

It is essential in construction area. Eg; electricity It is essential in construction area. Eg; electricity is the source of energy used to operate is the source of energy used to operate machines and construction equipment.machines and construction equipment.

SafetySafetySafety of workers, construction materials and Safety of workers, construction materials and equipment is very important. Stores should be equipment is very important. Stores should be built in order to keep materials and equipmentbuilt in order to keep materials and equipment

SITE PREPARATIONSITE PREPARATION

An example of structure arrangement and temporary facilities on construction site

EARTHWORKEARTHWORKEarthwork activitiesACTIVITYACTIVITY DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION

Earth Earth loosingloosing

Before any excavation activities, soils Before any excavation activities, soils which consist of sedimentation rock layer which consist of sedimentation rock layer should be loosen. Bulldozer is used to should be loosen. Bulldozer is used to execute soil. If there are huge rocks that execute soil. If there are huge rocks that cant be moved, explosive substance will cant be moved, explosive substance will be used. be used.

CuttingCutting For higher or elevated area it should be For higher or elevated area it should be excavated to the required formation excavated to the required formation level. Soil is also excavated in level. Soil is also excavated in constructing system drainage and constructing system drainage and building site foundationbuilding site foundation

Earth fillingEarth filling Filling is necessary for areas lower than Filling is necessary for areas lower than the construction level required. Filled soil the construction level required. Filled soil should be compactedshould be compacted

EARTHWORKEARTHWORKEarthwork activitiesACTIVITYACTIVITY DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION

Earth Earth consolidatinconsolidatingg

There are types of soil which is soft and There are types of soil which is soft and easy to settle such as peat soil. This type easy to settle such as peat soil. This type of soil should be excavated and changed of soil should be excavated and changed with high compacted soil. Filled area with high compacted soil. Filled area should be compacted with appropriate should be compacted with appropriate roller machines for earth consolidatingroller machines for earth consolidating

Earth Earth dumpingdumping

Excessive soil from construction area Excessive soil from construction area should be moved to other places. Scrapers should be moved to other places. Scrapers and lorries are used to moved soil.and lorries are used to moved soil.

ClearingClearing Clearing soil work is executed after all Clearing soil work is executed after all filling works such as foot foundation and filling works such as foot foundation and site building have been completed.site building have been completed.

Excess soils should be cleared and Excess soils should be cleared and dumped to other location.dumped to other location.

Example Of Cut And Fill Example Of Cut And Fill WorkWork

Cutting soil from high ground will be used to fill low ground level

FOUNDATION FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION

A building foundation is the lowest level of the building and known as substructure. Its function to sustain the entire building load and transfer it to the lower layer of ground. There are various types and shapes of foundation which are used in building construction. Selection criteria of foundation types are dependent on;

•Type of soil

•Building load

•Design

•Cost

•technology

FOUNDATION FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONThere are four types of foundation

i. Pad foundationi. Pad foundation ii. Strip foundationii. Strip foundation

iii. Slab/ Raft foundationiii. Slab/ Raft foundation iv. Pile foundationiv. Pile foundation

FOUNDATION FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONPad foundation

•Used to support small and light load. (Eg; house or single storey building)

•Appropriate type of soil is the hard soil which has high bearing capacity

•Constructed in rectangular shape beneath each stump which support loads

•The thickness and area is dependent upon imposed loads and its bearing capacity

•The depth is normally up to one meter below ground level.

•Common proportion of concrete mix used is 1:2:4

•Reinforcement steel bars are used to increase strength

FOUNDATION FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONStrip foundation

•Used to support small and light loads•Width and thickness depend upon the imposed building load and its bearing capacity•There are two types of Strip foundation;

i. Wide strip foundationi. Wide strip foundation ii. Deep strip foundationii. Deep strip foundation

FOUNDATION FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONSlab/ Raft foundation

•Suitable for building which is constructed on soils that have low bearing capacity. (eg; soft soil, high shrinkage soil, formerly filled swamp soil)•Its purpose is to prevent from uneven settlement which may cause cracking to building•Constructed from reinforced concrete according to surface area of building floor or until it covers the sidewalk area•The thickness is normally between 200mm to 300mm.•The bottom part imposed to walls and columns load is made thicker

FOUNDATION FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTIONPile foundation

•Suitable or a big and high rise building also used in building bridges.•Depth of pile depends on the imposed load•It can prevent deep excavation, which reduces the cost of excavation and concrete pouring•Normally used with other foundation type.•There are two types of techniques which is; i. Friction methodi. Friction method ii. End-bearing methodii. End-bearing method