Construction Structure[1]

7/31/2019 Construction Structure[1]

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A framework of timber, metal or

plastic material which is prepared

to support a sheet of glass in a

vertical or near vertical position

Window


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allow entry of light and air interior of building(mbenarkn kemasukan chy & udara)

ventilation (pengudaraan)

stand with the climate condition (tahan cuaca)

protects the interior from :

dust and dirt,

offensive odors, and

injurious gases

Window Functions:


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Parts of Windows

head

hinge

Windows frame

post

sill

Casement frame


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Pivoted windows are hinged at the side and

crank outward.

Pivoted windows give you unobstructed views top

to bottom and side by side. They open fully catching breezes and directing

the flow of fresh air into your home.

Types of casement windows:

a) horizontally hung (berpangsi mengufuk)

b) vertically hung(berpangsi menegak)

c) ram

Pivoted Windows


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Hinged Windows(tingkap berengsel)

Awning windows have a hinge at the top and open

outward

Why To Choose Them

When positioned high on walls, hinged windows can catch

a breeze from any direction and provide light to a room

while maintaining privacy. Also, they can be opened

slightly to allow ventilation during light rain showers.

Where to Place Them Hinged windows can be positioned in a row, column, or

against other windows, creating walls of light that are

both beautiful and functional. They are often used to

flank picture windows.


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Sliding Windows

Some people find out that sliding windows

are easier to open then crank-outs such as

pivoted and hinged windows.

The contemporary look of sliding windows

make them most appropriate for modern

home styles

Two types of sliding windows:a. Sliding horizontally(gelangsar menegak)

b. Sliding Vertically (gelangsar ufuk)


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Compound Windows(tgkp majmuk)


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Casement Windows

rectangle frame shape made from wood oraluminum.


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DOORS


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Doors, Door Frames and Linings

Doors form an important part of joinery

work, it is a screen which is used to seal an

opening into a building or between rooms in

a building.

There are 4 factors that need to be

considered in doors construction:

a. Shaped stability and strengthb. Safety

c. Sound and thermal insulation

d. Fire resistance


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Door can be designed to swing from one edge,

slide, slide and fold or roll to close an opening. It classified by their position in a building by their

function or by their method of construction.

External Doors provide security in the building,need to be weather resistance (thickness,

stability, durability of the construction and

materials, paint or polish)

Internal Doors close the access. Weather

protection is no require, it is thinner than

external counterparts.


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Types of Doors

Panelled and glazed wood doors

Flush doors

Flush fire doors

Match boarded doors


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It is constructed of timber with plywoodor glass panels.

Plywood made with moisture-resistance

adhesive for interior door and water-insoluble adhesive for both faces ofexternal doors

Dowelled joint or a mortise and tenon

joint used in framing the doors

Panelled doors are widely used as woodcasement doors and in high-class work.

Panelled and Glazed Wood Doors


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COMPONENT

OF PANELDOORS
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b4/Panel_door.jpg


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STANDARD

PANELLEDDOORS


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Popular in used Has a large smooth surfaces, easy to clean and

decorate, free of the mouldings which collectdust.

- skeleton core doors

- solid core doors

Solid Core Doors: has excellent fire-check, security

and sound-reducing qualities - strongest Skeleton Core Doors: are create by infill the voids

with lightweight material (foamed plastic) givesupport to the facings.

Flush Doors


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SKELETEON CORE SOLID CORE


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FLUSH DOORS


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Provide effective barrier to the passage of firefor the time designed normally within 1 hour.

Stable, fire precautions in the design.

Flush Fire Doors


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Not attractive Mainly used as external doors

Two form of standard match boarded doors.

Match Boarded Doors

Ledged andbraced door

Frame ledged and braceddoor.

-simplest form

-Cheap to

construct

-Being able to

drop at the closing

edge

-Are fixed between the edges

-Mortise and tenoned frame-

add doors strength and

rigidity

-More expensive, but stronger

and better appearance.


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MATCH

BOARDED

DOORS


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MATCH

BOARDED

DOUBLE

DOORS


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WALLS


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Internal Influences on the wall

Warmth from heating

appliances via convection

Radiation or conduction

Vapor due to mans way living

Damp, due to condensation ofvapor and possible cooling due

to air conditioning


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Heating of external surface areaby sunshine and warm air risingup the facade

Impact of rain and hail and

consequent running water andpenetration

Drying and cooling by wind

Dust and other particles

Sound waves and vibration due

to traffic

External Influences on the wall


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External Walls Internal walls

Wall Functionality


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Functional Requirement:

Strength and stability

Weather exclusion and durability

Thermal insulation

Sound insulation

Fire resistance

Appearance

The fundamental function of internal walls is to partitionor divide the floor area of a dwelling into compartmentsor room

External & Internal Walls


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Transferring structural

load from the upper

structure to the lower

structure

Load bearing wall

supported the load from

roof

Load Bearing Walls


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Walls in the

building that are

not taking any

structural loads

Non-load Bearing Walls

Load

bearing

wall Non load

bearing wall

Roof


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STAIRS


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1.Stair is a way providing access from

one floor to another

2.It also provide a degree of insulationwhere part of a separating element

between compartments in a building

3.Stairs provide a suitable means ofescape in case of fire.

Function of Stairs


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There are 4 types of stairs that are usually

use in building as internal fixtures :-

Straight Run Staircase

Quarter Twist Staircase

Half Twist Staircase

Geometric Staircase

Types of Stairs


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STRAIGHT RUN STAIRCASE


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HALF TWIST STAIRCASE


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QUARTER TWIST

STAIRCASE


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GEOMETRIC STAIRCASES


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ROOFS


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The functional requirement of a roof


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WEATHER PROTECTION

Protect a building from the damaging effect of rain, wind, snow andheat.

Ingress of rain and snow can damage decorations and structural

damage to timber and other materials due to attack by fungus and

insects.

Wind may be deflected around a building, resulting in the occurrence

of suction on the windward slope of a roof


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STRUCTURAL STABILITY

Is necessary in order to

provide a means of

support for the roofcovering

Must take into account the

span of structural members.

If the span of a joist or otherstructural member is too

great, it will bend


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TRADITIONAL ROOF SHAPE


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MODERN ROOF SHAPE


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DIFFERENT TREATMENT


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THERMAL INSULATION

The roofconstitutes a substantial proportion of external surface area of

a building and consequently has considerable potential for heat loss Roofinsulation consists of either :-

Flexible materials ( such as glass-fiber quilting )

Boards ( such as expended polystyrene )

Loose granules ( such as perlite )

Thermalinsulation for pitched roofs

Insulation above rafters

Insulation between ceiling joist

Thermalinsulation for roofs

Eaves ventilation for pitched roof

Insulation above decking of flat roof


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THERMAL INSULATION FOR

PICTHED ROOFS


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THERMAL INSULATION FOR ROOFS


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SOUND INSULATION

The degree of sound insulation offered by roofs of

domestic building is usually adequate to reduce external

noise ( such as aircraft ) to an acceptable level

In areaswhich suffer from excessive levels of noiseinterface, special forms of roof construction may be

necessary.

A concrete roof, being of dense material, will provide a

noise reduction similar to that of typical brick or block

external walls.

Mostdomestic timber roof constructions will provide a

noise reduction less than that of a brick or block wall, but

somewhat better than of a single-glazed window.


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PROTECTION FROM FIRE

A roof could contribute to the spread of fire

either:

Within a building

From one building to another


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WITHIN A BUILDING

Some factory roofs consist of a covering material, separated by anair space from a layer of insulation material. Fires within suchbuildings could spread through the air space causing burningpieces of insulation material to fall elsewhere in the building

Measure design to combat this problem include :

Using non-combustible insulation material

Restricting the area of air gap

Fixing the insulation in such a way that no air gap

exists


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FROM ONE BUILDING TO ANOTHER

Roof constructions are designated with two letter inaccordance British Standard Test (BS 476: PART 3: 1958)

Each letter ranges from A (good) to D (poor)

To resistance to external penetration from fire.

To resistance to spread of flame over the outer

DRAINAGE SYSTEM


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DRAINAGE SYSTEM

PITCHED ROOFS

During heavy storms, large quantities of water fall on a roof. Water falling

down the surface of a pitched roof is collected at the lower end in a gutter.

A vertical pipe connected to the underside of the

gutter (Down pipe) carries the rain-water to ground

levelThe lower end of the down pipe discharges the

rain-water into a gully which is a clayware or

plastic chamber installed below ground level.

The down pipe is connected to the upper end of

gully, and the lower end of the gully connects to the

drain.The gulliesare trapped, ( shape with a bend

which allows water to remain in the gully

The trap prevents the escape of any noxious gases

from the drain, which otherwise could rise up the down

pipe and into the open air

DRAINAGE SYSTEM


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FLAT ROOF

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Flat roofs are designed and built to slope slightly in one direction. Thisslope is known as the Fall of a roof. At the lower end of the fall, a gutter

and down pipe

Alternatively, the edge of the roof could be

raised, which in effect forms a gutter. In this

case, the down pipe is installed inside the

building.

Whilst it is usual to calculate the sizes of

gutter and down pipes for roofs of large

buildings, a typical domestic pitched roofwould usually require 100 mm diameter

gutters and 62 mm diameter down pipes

ROOFING STYLE


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ROOFING STYLE.


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MANSARD

A couple planed hip roof.

CROSS GABLE ROOF

Pair of gable roofs set a right angles to

each other

HIP ON GABLE

A partial hip applied to the peak of gable

roofSHED

A roof that starts at the eaves of theexisting roof and continues at a lower pitch

GABLE

Two pitch roof, back to back,forming a

rectangular roof.

GAMBREL ROOF


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GAMBREL ROOF

A gable type roof with breaks in the

planes

PYRAMID

A hip roof built on a square base with

eaves of the same length

HIP AND GABLE

A combination hip and gable where the hip

end partially up the gable.

HIP WITH CROSS GABLE

A central hip with crossing gables.


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Gable

A very triangular roof, the gable allows

rain and snow to run off easily.


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Cross Gable

This is like the gable roof, but has two parts

that cross.


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Flat

A flat roof is exactly that - flat. It is easy to

build and uses few materials.


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Mansard

A French gable roof. The difference is that the mansard has a

flat area at the top instead of being perfectly triangular.

These are common in French Chateau houses and Second

Empire style houses.

Hipped

A l i h d f Cross Hipped


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A low-pitched roof

that allows rain and

snow to run off

easily, the hipped

roof also allows forlarge eaves on a

building.

Cross Hipped

Similar to a

hipped roof, but

this roof has two

parts that cross .


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Pyramidal

A hipped roof that forms a pyramid shape.


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Barrel vault

Barrel vault are commonly installed in commercial and

industrial buildings as well as large public buildings such ashall and factory.


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Shed

Similar to a gable roof, as it allows rain and

snow to run off easily. This is one of the easiest

roofs to build.


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Gambrel

This roof looks more bell-like than triangular

when viewed from the side. It is like a flattened

gable roof. Many farms have gambrel roofs.

Saltbox

Similar to a gable roof, but thetwo sides of it are not

symmetrical.


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Roof Classification

Roofs can be covered with many different materials. Thesecan be arranged into two groups:

1. Steep / Pitched roofs,

10< angle of slope < 70

(notes: angle of slope above 70 classified as wall)

2. Low-slope / Low-pitched roofs (flat roof),

angle of slope < 10

Documents

Construction Structure[1]